Essay on Race Relations in the U.S. - 2124 Words

Race Relations in the U.S. Ive discovered the real roots of America these past few days and decided that writing about it was better than killing an innocent victim to soothe the hostility I feel towards my heritage. I picked up a pen because it was safer than a gun. This was a valuable lesson Ive learned from my forefathers, who did both. Others in my country react on instinct and choose not to deliberate the issue as I have. If they are black, they are imprisoned or dead. As The People vs. Simpson storms through its ninth month, the United States awaits the landmark decision that will determine justice. O.J. Simpson would not have had a chance in 1857. Racial segregation, discrimination, and†¦show more content†¦The Declaration of Independence was a white mans document that its author rarely applied to his own or any other slave. Thomas Jefferson suspected blacks were inferior. These suspicions, together with his prophecy that free blacks could not harmoniously co-exist with white men for c enturies to come, are believed to be the primary reasons for his contradictory actions toward the issue of slavery. At the end of the eighteenth century, Jefferson fought the infamous Alien Sedition Acts, which limited civil liberties. As president, he opposed the Federalist court, conspiracies to divide the union, and the economic plans of Alexander Hamilton. Throughout his life, Thomas Jefferson, hypocrite, slave holder, pondered the conflict between American freedom and American slavery. He bought and sold slaves; he advertised for fugitives; he ordered disciplinary lashes with a horse whip. Jefferson understood that he and his fellow slave holders benefited financially and culturally from the sweat of theirShow MoreRelatedRole Race Played In Americas Interaction With The World758 Words   |  4 Pagesand international developments on the issue of race, which had a tremendous implication on U.S. foreign relations. His thorough understanding of American racial and cultural histo ry makes him an exceptional authority on race relations of Presidents Harry S. Truman to George H. Bush. Arguably, the struggle against racial prejudices and against apartheid in South Africa, was one of immense struggle, and had a tremendous impact on U.S. foreign relations with that country, and its colonial imperialismRead MoreAbnormal Factors Of Foreign Relations856 Words   |  4 PagesAbnormal Factors in Foreign Relations. Scholars usually mention about government or economics insteads of gender and race in their studies about foreign relations. Gender and race are stated as atypical factors in this field. Laura McEnaney and Michael Krenn seek the historical evidence to prove their thesis that gender and race are vital in forming foreign relation in the United States. Because gender, race and foreign relation seem not related to each other, choosing the example plays a vitalRead MoreThe Fight For Freedom And Equality904 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is something in the news regarding race relations. The fight for freedom and equality has been a long road involving numerous amounts of peaceful protests, legislation, and preaching. Even with the success of the civil rights movement, racism still exists in our country today and it is the responsibility of legislatures and citizens a like to make a difference. Over the past six months or so there have three extremely hot topics regarding race relations in T he United States of America. TheseRead MorePersonal Narrative : My American Experience1750 Words   |  7 Pagesabroad one is able to learn different issues about another society such as gender and sexuality issues, social class and race/ethnicity issues. Having come from a developing country studying in the U.S.A has been a great experience personally. This paper will attempt to provide a reflection of my personal experience on studying in the U.S by comparing the history of Angola and the U.S. Living in America has been a life changing experience. I come to the United State of America on a government scholarshipRead MoreThe Los Angeles Riots And The Conflict Between Korean Americans And African Americans1514 Words   |  7 Pagesminority groups might be hostile towards each other. These antagonisms between minority groups in the U.S. have been a product of obstacles and structures placed on them. Some of the problems and structures that have led to antagonism between groups of color have first been with the way race is perceived, mainly in a black and white paradigm. There has also been an avoidance to connect class rather than race as another structure that causes tensions between groups. Tactics from the dominant groups (whites)Read MoreEssay About Race In America1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Talk About Race in America Race, or the major factor used to divide and group humans impacts the lives of many worldwide, especially since the connotation of race makes the term extremely controversial. Moreover, many people argue that race relations are improving, whereas critics claim that they will never change for the better. Various studies show that race can be recognized by many individuals as early as six months old. Additionally, Djamba and Kimuna, two scholars from the InternationalRead MoreRacism Is The Product Of Ignorance And Fear1334 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Race isn’t a thing it’s all made up, it’s a social construct it’s a way to separate us and destroy us† – Hari Kondabolo. Racism can never be eradicated from society, it only has evolved. This injustice is the product of ignorance and fear. With fear it is difficult to make rational decisions. It is a lie that ignorance is bliss, a lack of knowledge provides room for error. Both Kondabolu and Chap pelle videos tackled the issue of race. Each video although comedic, dealt with race as an issue ofRead MoreEssay On The Space Race755 Words   |  4 PagesSpace is infinite. The Space Race was a historical competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for the first humans to reach the moon. Taking place during 1957-1975, the Space Race showcased the determination between the two nations to display who had the superior science and technology knowledge. After the Russians created the first satellite, the United States felt threatened that the Soviet Union would have military control over space and began to race against their rivals. The moneyRead MoreRace and Ethnicity in the United States Still Matters1287 Words   |  6 PagesRace and ethnicity is a main factor in the way we identify others and ourselves. The real question here is does race/ethnicity still matter in the U.S.? For some groups race is not a factor that affects them greatly and for others it is a consta nt occurrence in their mind. But how do people of mix race reacts to this concept, do they feel greatly affected by their race? This is the question we will answer throughout the paper. I will first examine the battle of interracial relationship throughoutRead MoreRelationship Between The Cold War And Global White Supremacy853 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between the Cold War and global white supremacy is clear from Borstelmann’s writing. He demonstrates how the improvement of race relations both domestic and foreign were a necessity. If the U.S. did not fix how potential allies (specifically all post colonial countries) viewed the U.S., communism was sure to spread. Although Latham does not identify race as a reason for modernization both Latham and Borstelmann show that Aligning with these posts countries was necessary to prevent communism

Pips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay

Pips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations In the first five chapters of Charles Dickens Great Expectations, we follow the life of a young boy, Phillip Pirrip - Pip for short, in early nineteenth century England. A time when England was in industrial revolution and when the rapid growth of cities brought social divisions between class - rich and poor. The British government fearing a revolution, maintained a harsh regime. In Great Expectations, Dickens writes about this and conveys attitudes towards children, most especially Pip and the severity and turbulence of his childhood. Dickens is able to convey Pips youth and the nature of his childhood through the language, use of†¦show more content†¦Pip is unable to see his parents appearances due to the non existence of photography, he therefore imagines his father as a square, stout, dark man and his mother as freckled and sickly due to nothing more than the appearance of the letters inscribed upon their tombstones. An adult would not usually draw this kind of conclu sion from a tombstones lettering and so we begin to understand Pips immaturity. A very detailed description of the setting is given in which Dickens informs the reader that Pip is standing in the graveyard looking observing a Dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea, this all builds up to create the impression of a harsh forbidding setting and we discover that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip this all adds up to make us feel sorry for Pip and conveys the impression of a small, scared, lonely and insecure boy. Pip is then caught by surprise and has a chance encounter with an escaped convict, named Magwitch, who goes on to shape much of Pips life. Pips immaturity, irony and exaggeration is conveyed during this encounter. Pip seems to rigid with terror as the fearful man questions him and orders him about. The convict is able toShow MoreRelatedSocial Class Of The Victorian Era1282 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most important social reformers during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens. Growing up in a poor, working class family, Dickens knew about the harsh realities that spawned from the social class system present. His writing reflects these experiences and attempts to expose this harsh system and other big problems prominent in Victorian society. Pip is a character that experiences some of these realities in Great Expectations. Pip initially lets his social status define him and must then go throughRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations964 Words   |  4 PagesOliveros British Literature H February 24, 2016 TITLE Throughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of theRead MoreEssay on Charles Dickens Great Expectations1135 Words   |  5 Pages Great Expectations’ main character, Phillip Pirrip- generally known as Pip- had a rough upbringing as a child. His sister, Mrs. Joe had â€Å"brought him up by hand†, after their parents and five brothers had all been laid to rest many years ago. Another character, Herbert Pocket experienced a bizarre childhood, though in a different manner. Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations develops through the novel following Pip, a young â €Å"common boy† who grew up in the countryside. As he matured so did his loveRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations972 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Great Expectation† by Charles Dickens, is written from the perspective of an innocent boy, Pip, whose life is faced with different challenges and expectations. Growing up in a small village with a ruthless and violent sister who shows him little love causes him to be sensitive. In essence, the narrator not only begins to yearn for love and acceptance, but he also develops a high desire of becoming a gentleman in order to obtain genuine happiness. According to Pip, being a gentleman isRead MoreAnalysis: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens951 Words   |  4 Pageslots of care and a happy and loving childhood. Children growing up in this environment will describe their youth as a time of wonder and laughter; they will enjoy the experiences as a child. However, in the Victorian age, this is a completely different story as most children had to go through many hardships and sufferings, in order to satisfy the needs of their family. Great Expectations is set in the Victorian age and Charles Dickens portrays the years of childhood as at time of confusion, darknessRead MoreGreat Expectations: Conflicts Faced Analysis of English Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Essay Essay Task: Read Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and write an essay in which you describe the conflicts faced by Pip and the author’s attitude toward English society. Hailed by many as his greatest novel, Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is a self-narrated story which tells the life of an orphan named Pip, raised by his abusive sister, who leaves behind a childhood of misery and poverty to embark on a journey to become a gentleman after an unnamed benefactorRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story isRead MoreGreat Expectations1707 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Human nature is the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Human nature separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. The underlining theme of human nature is evident in Great Expectation by Charles Dickens use of his characters. A main characteristic that Dickens displays is friendship. The friendship between Pip and Herbert is strong. Herbert was significant to Pip’s growth in social class and eventual to his revelation. â€Å"Friendship was oneRead MoreSocial Advancement Versus Affection, Loyalty, And Conscience1114 Words   |  5 Pagesand have to work hard to gain the respect of others or of their fellow citizens. In Charles Dickens Great Expectations, the main character Pip realizes this and longs to become a part of the upper class society to receive its perks. This bildungsroman of Pip’s life shows how social advancement is not more important than affection, loyalty, and self conscience through the use of details, symbols and motifs. Pip’s early life is detailed to show that it is not an ideal one. With both his parents deceased

Nursing American Diabetes Association

Question: Discuss about the Nursingfor American Diabetes Association. Answer: Introduction Type2 diabetes is a developing medical issue in the present day as well as United States of America. It is assessed that 25.8 million kids and grown-ups are victims of diabetes in United States of America and among this 23 million has avoidable Type2 diabetes (CDC, 2011). Many surveys have demonstrated that 2 out of 3 people with diabetes encounter heart attacks or strokes causing deaths each year which is more than the rate of death from breast cancers and AIDS collectively (American Diabetes Affiliation, 2012). Investigation have demonstrated that way of lifestyle modifications, for example, changes in the eating habit, every day physical activities and keeping up a healthy mass can inhibit or suspension the occurrence of Type2 diabetes in high-risk individuals (Gillies et al., 2007 and Ramachandran et al., 2006). The danger of this disease reduced by sixty percent with intensive nutritional and exercise interventions and is the initial significant randomized control trial directed by the Finnish Diabetes Avoidance Examine (DPS) bunch (Tuomilehto et al., 2001). Additional studies demonstrated that advantages of lifestyle modifications were kept up in the long-standing continuation trials in the studies of diabetes. But it was not apparent if the rate of diabetes diminished after proceeded with lifestyle modifications or because of enhanced glycemia in the past. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to see if the event of diabetes was as yet diminished following 13 years from the start off lifestyle alteration. The review additionally analyzed the connection between the way of life and clinical factors in diabetes development. This randomized prevention study of diabetes was directed at 5 clinical facilities in Finland, beginning the trial in 1998 and completion in 2001 but proceeded until 2009. The trial comprised of 522 moderately aged, obese male and females with weakened glucose resistance. The experimental group comprised of 265 subjects who got data on weight decrease, dietetic modification, and improved exercise, 7 in person appointments with the dietitian in the 1st year and then at every 3 months accompanied by free administered workout. The control set involved 257 members who were provided with a general lifestyle instructions. Members were checked for diabetes diagnosis in the yearly OGTTs. They were additionally measured on variations in weightiness, food consumption and bodily activities. Members who were free of diabetes after the 4 years of intercession were monitored till the finish of the trial in 2009. The outcomes were evaluated utilizing the numerical assessment of investigation of var iances. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was utilized in both groups to quantity the likelihood of staying out of diabetes. Outcomes of the review undoubtedly demonstrated that adaptations of healthy lifestyle diminished the occurrence of diabetes in the experimental cluster (4.5) contrasted with the control set (7.2) per 100 person years. The balanced HR for the aggregated continuation and post-intercession stages were correspondingly 0.614(95% CI 0.478, 0.789; p0.001) and 0.672 (95% CI0.477, 0.947; p= 0.023). The outcome additionally demonstrated that mean yearly decrease of weight was greater in the experimental cluster (five percent) than the control set (only one percent). The plasma glucose level after fasting and two hours were at lower absolute levels for the experimental set than the control set. Along these lines, the review demonstrated that lifestyle changes of median 4 years can slow the beginning of Type2 diabetes. The comparative danger of emerging diabetes at 9 years follow-up diminished to thirty-eight percent contrasted with the relative hazard (forty-three percent) at 4-year follow-up f or a similar populace. The experimental cluster involved in adequate exercise and nutritional alterations for instance decreased total energy, saturated and non-saturated fatty acids and improved protein and fiber intake than the control cluster and continued on this lifestyle which affirmatively contributed in decreasing the possibility of this disease in the continuation phase. The experiment has the drawback of any longitudinal experiment for instance loss of model to expiry, and drop-off. Similarly, deficiency of objective measures can influence the outcomes as researchers were reliant on self- reports of the subject on nutrition and workout. Conclusion This randomized Finnish diabetes inhibition research evidently designates that lifestyle modification inhibits the danger of developing Type2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention like weight saving, healthy food and systematic workout have a lifelong influence in inhibiting diabetes in high-risk people. This research indicated that Type2 diabetes can be controlled and prohibited with proper lifestyle alterations. The interventions in the research can be fruitfully executed in outpatient settings and can be utilized by healthcare professionals to raise diabetes awareness. References American Diabetes Association (2012). Diabetes statistics. Retrieved from https:// www.diabetes.org. Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: National estimates and general information on diabetes and pre-diabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gillies, C.L., Abrams, K.R. Lambert, P.C. et al (2007) Pharmacological and lifestyleinterventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review andmeta-analysis. British Medical Journal. 334, 299-306. Lindstrm, J., Peltonen, M., Eriksson, J.G., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Aunola, S., Keinnen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Uusitupa, M. Tuomilehto, J. (2013). Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomized Finnish DiabetesPrevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia. 56,284293. Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Mary, S., Mukesh, B., Bhaskar, A.D., Vijay, V. (2006). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Program shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1).Diabetologia. 49, 289297.

Influence of Economy Concepts

Introduction (Summary) Economy plays a major role of coordinating the amount and type of goods and services to produce in line with the needs of buyers. Besides, it involves ensuring that there is an efficient money supply to allow the production and purchase of goods and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Economy Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different societies organize their economies in different ways. For instance, the Soviet Union ensured that the government was the most instrumental institution in determining the nature, type and quantities of goods produced. In a liberal economy like the US, the government plays the peripheral role in dictating the nature, type and quantity of goods produced. Indeed, the Federal government concerns itself with the production of goods and services only in the public sector. In addition, there is a substantial difference between the microecon omic and macroeconomic processes. While the latter processes are systemic, the former are intentional and are driven by intent and consumer behavior. Macroeconomic processes concern with the ‘economy of aggregates’ that is dependent on the total output of an economy in addition to the rate of unemployment. While many people argue that the government interference in the economy is counterproductive, it is important for government to respond to situations of high unemployment, low output and high prices of goods and services it produces. Besides, government’s intervention is important in countries whose economies are not effective.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Macroeconomics is a sub discipline of economics that focuses on the determinants of employment (or lack of it), output, prices of goods and services and policies that enhance effective money supply . It dwells on gross domestic product (GDP), aggregate planned expenditures (APE) and aggregate supply for funding (ASF). The interplay of the above three parameters reveals the macroeconomic coordination process (MCP). The study of macroeconomics allows the policy makers to erect measures that allow effective running of the economy and provides insights to the future of an economy. It also allows the learners to have a glimpse on the way the economy operates within and without the microeconomic environment. Output Every country has specific factors of production that include land (resources), labor and capital. In order to create goods and services, a country combines the factors of production using the available technology. The process of combining the factors of production is referred to as the production process. This implies that a country can measure the amount of goods and services produced within a specific year using the factors of production. Apparently, the most feasible way to calculate the volume of goods and services produced is through the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The reason is that GDP allows a country to calculate the amount of goods and services produced by relying on the market value. Initially, it was difficult to calculate the aggregate amount of goods and services produced owing to the fact that services and some goods are unquantifiable. In fact, GDP measures the current values (selling prices) of goods and services produced within a country annually. Due to the difficulty in quantifying services, it is important to calculate the value of services at the cost of production. This way, the services will have established market value.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Economy Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Commerce Department emphasizes on the need to deduct the total payments paid to other governments and avoid multiple counting. Th is is through calculating the final products rather than counting goods sold as raw materials to other producers within the country. Owing to the fact that GDP measures the market value of goods and services produced within a country, it is critical to enhance its accuracy and consistency. The reason is that market values keep changing. As such, GDP changes overtime. This is despite lack of change in the total output and factors of production in an economy. To enhance the accuracy of GDP, Commerce Department uses Prices Level Indexes. The price level index measures the changes in prices overtime. To comprehend the manner in which the prices have changed over a specific period it is important to establish the base year, which will provide the starting point. For instance, Commerce Department uses 2005 as the base year and makes a list of all goods and services produced and their corresponding market values. The list of all goods and services produced makes up the market basket of a c ountry. It is apparent that the prices of goods and services increased by 3.231% according to the Commerce Department from 2005 to 2006. This implies that the cost of goods increased by 1.03231times in 2006. Consequently, the prices increased by 1.02902, 1.02217, 1.00873 and 1.011335 times in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. These figures indicate the average changes in prices and are referred to as the price indexes. To get the actual changes in prices from 2005 to 2010, Commerce Department multiplies the indexes for the five years. In other words, the prices changed by 1.03231Ãâ€"1.02902Ãâ€"1.02217Ãâ€"1.00873Ãâ€"1.011335, which amounts to approximately 1.10992.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This insinuates that the prices have increased by 10.992% since 2005 through 2010. It is important to point out that a new price index joins the level of prices yearly. GDP of a country therefore represents the amount of goods and services produced in a country. However, it is important to adjust the GDP value in line with the prevalent price indexes in order to get the actual value of the GDP. This is possible by dividing the GDP value by the subsequent price index of the same year. Besides, GDP changes with any change in the quantity of goods produced. However, GDP’s adjusted value rarely changes when there are changes in the interest rates. As such, GDP has to put into account the changes in prices for it to be accurate and conclusive. Income The concept of GDP allows us to understand the gross domestic income (GDY). While the two concepts are distinctive, their values are similar. In other words, it is possible to measure the amount of change that will occur to GDY when G DP increases. The rationale is that GDP and GDY are directly related in the sense that a change in one concept will lead an equal change in the other. As such, production process is the main source of income for governments, businesses and households. GDY is the total amount of all income claims by all workers and institutions within an economy due to their roles in the production process. In an attempt to understand the concept of GDY, it is imperative to analyze various prevalent notions about the idea. First, GDP is the aggregate amount of products that a country produces annually. These products are expected to fetch incomes in future. However, their prices change and it is important to make adjustments that capture those dynamics. Second, it is essential to distinguish the concept of income and money. The two are not synonymous contrary to many notions and usages. As such, the amount of money available in an economy is much less than the actual income. Third, producers and buye rs should access credit in anticipation of sales revenues and incomes respectively. However, producers ought to use credit in a responsibly to avoid a recurrence of recession that engulfed USA and the rest of the world in 2008. Households, businesses and governments are the major recipients of GDY. The amount of income that individuals receive from their participation in the production process is known as disposable income. It includes the wages, royalties and transfers. However, the actual figure of disposable income is derived at when personal taxes and contributions are deducted from the gross income. Household incomes are the largest representing 74% of the US GDY. Business savings are major sources of business incomes. They include allowances on depreciation, retained earnings and revaluations on inventories. The business incomes are approximately 12% of the entire gross domestic income. Finally, government revenues are used in making transfer payments to both business and hous ehold sectors. The net revenues for the government represent total government revenues minus transfer of payments and interest paid on government debt. Due to the importance of stimulating the economy through households and businesses, the government net income has continued to diminish overtime. Besides, the government has transferred payments to people and institutions abroad. This leads to the diminished net income for the government. As aforementioned, it is always true that GDP is equal to gross domestic income (GDY). Besides, it is also true that GDY is equal to disposable income of the household plus business income plus the government income plus the foreign transfers. Hence, there exists enough income to purchase the entire output implying that a change in price will not result to a consequent change in the GDY. In cases of an increase in prices of goods and constant incomes, people are unable to afford similar quantity of goods, as was the case with the previous prices. Co nsequently, rise in incomes without subsequent changes in prices will always imply that one group of the society is better of than another. As such, it is impossible to increase incomes for one group without affecting another in a negative/positive way. Although GDP is always equal to GDY, it does not imply that all income purchases of goods and services. Some of the income goes to savings for future expenditure and some may go to borrowing. In addition, the total output of a country may not be sold or may not be enough for the country. To that extent, there is the need to understand the demand for output given that it might surpass the output or it may be below it. Aggregate Planned Expenditure (APE) of a specific country refers to the amount of consumption (C) plus investment (I) plus government purchases (G) plus exports (X) minus imports (F). Subtracting the exports does not necessarily imply that APE will reduce. The rationale is that all parameters used to calculate APE takes into consideration the imports. Finally, it is important to note that government debt has been typical of numerous government transactions across the world. In the US, the debt continues to rise. Government debt refers to the ability of government to spend more than its revenues. In other words, the government spends more than its revenues by issuing treasury securities that allows it to adjust their maturity. In essence, the government cannot print amount of money that equal its budget in order to increase its spending. As a remedy, the government borrows money from the public by issuing bonds. Currently, the US has huge ability to borrow money to increase its spending which in turn stimulates the economy and GDP. Demand In the previous chapter, it is clear that changes in prices have no direct effects on the aggregate planned expenditure (APE). In other words, changes in prices receive equal changes in incomes. To that end, changes in prices of goods will be compensated fully by t he incomes. In other words, GDP will be equal to APE. However, it is important to evaluate the changes in unemployment levels, output, interest rates and their direct or indirect effect on APE and GDP. At the outset, consumption (C) reflects the amount of disposable income that goes to spending. Despite the income accruing the household amounting to 74%, it is evident that the current spending by household is 90%. This implies that any amount of income that is not consumed or spent in buying goods and services is saved. From the numbers, it is clear that US households spend more than their incomes. Where does the income to spend on goods and services come from? The US households may spend more than their incomes owing to accumulated savings and borrowings in terms of credit. Nonetheless, the households save more than they borrow explaining the discrepancy in incomes and consumption. It is imperative to notice that changes in income ought to influence the trends in consumption. Howev er, the personal wealth and savings may not reveal the changes. It is therefore critical to analyze the changes separately. Another critical factor is that American households will save more when the interest rates are low and save less when they are high. This is ironic, or is it? The rationale is that an individual who would like to save a fixed amount of money will have to contribute less when the interest rates are high than when they fall. In other words, the Americans have a culture of making a fixed-goal savings in terms of contributions towards social security and medical insurance among many other ways of saving. In the case of businesses, it is important to point out that a rise in interest rates will ultimately diminish the level of investment (I) and vice versa. Further, government purchases (G) remain unaffected by various factors including the interest rate. This is dissimilar to transfers made to foreigners. When the US makes more exports than imports, it runs a trade surplus. When the reverse is the case, the country makes a trade deficit. Further, it is critical to highlight that an increase in interest rates will ultimately cause the businesses to increase their imports. In other words, businesses will import more than they export. This implies that an increase in GDP will ultimately result to APE and the vice versa is true. It is therefore true to suppose that the impact of GDP on APE is quick and positive. This implies that the change in GDP will cause the APE to go along the same direction as GDP. In addition, the impact of changes in GDP is equally strong for APE. However, interest rates affect the APE in an inverse way in that a rise in the rate of interestS will cause a consequent fall in APE and a decrease in the interest rates will cause a rise in APE. However, the changes in APE because of changes in interest rates are marginal. It is important to note that this chapter assumes that changes in prices of goods and services produced wi ll not lead to changes in APE. Money and Banking It is important for government to regulate money supply in the economy. When the amount of money is in excess, inflation is the outcome. On the other hand, when the supply of money is too little, the economy may experience a recession, high rates of unemployment and deflation. In the US, it is responsibility of the Congress, Federal Reserve System (FRS) and the banks to regulate money supply. Privately owned financial institutions and enterprises that economists refer to as the banks are solely responsible in the creation of money. While the FRS has the power to create money, it only ploughs back the profits made when it mints money in terms of seigniorage. The amount of the money that the FRS puts back into the economy is negligible. In addition, it has an oversight authority to regulate the money supply according to economists. In US, banks refer to financial institutions that have checking accounts. In the entire world, money exist s in terms of coins and notes and checking balances. It is important to demystify that ‘plastic money’ in terms of debit and credit cards serve the purposes of enhancing money transfers. They are not kinds of money. Money supply (M) therefore is an aggregate of coins and currency (CC) plus the checking accounts (CA). As such, any activity that leads to the reduction of money (CA or CC) impacts on the supply of money in a negative way. Since various authorities regulate money supply, it is therefore logical to suppose that it excludes all kinds of money that belong the regulators. For instance, it is absurd to refer to money owned by Federal Reserve System or The Treasury as money. Apparently, 48% of money supply is in coins and notes while the rest is held by banks in terms of checking balances. Hence, it is important for the regulators to control the amount of money that is available to banks for lending or credit purposes. When does the created cash become money? As a forementioned, Federal Banks creates money and store it into its vaults. The banks checking accounts reflect money that is in the banks for various purposes. To this end, the populace withdraws money from the bank accounts creating the need for the bank to ask for money from the Federal Reserve. When the banks receive these amounts of money, they become money in supply and constitute M. Thus, it is upon withdrawal of money that created cash becomes money. It is important to note that various countries and people use dollars across the world. As such, it is absurd to think that CA only refers to domestically available dollars. The rationale is that there exists a myriad of checking accounts outside the US. The banks are referred as such because of their ability to rent and sell check accounts and balances. Customer purchases of checking accounts are the major activity of banks. Besides, a bank must hold a specific proportion of the amount that a customer deposit into a bank account t o be profitable. In addition, a bank may opt to lend money to the customers due to the lucrative nature of the business. As such, it is important to mention that banks ought to engage in the processes of providing cash to customers through loans and other means. This way, the bank remains profitable like any other business. Financial Intermediation and Funding Forgery or counterfeiting currencies is an illegal practice. Members of public must therefore attempt to tap money from the legal money supply channels. The banks play an intermediation role that entails ensuring that people with more than sufficient amount of money balance off with people with insufficient amount of money. Those with insufficient money may be forced to cut down their purchases while those with excess amount of money may lend, increase their purchases or hold onto their money. The banks lure those with excess amount of money to deposit the excess in bank accounts with the promise of earning an interest. As suc h, the banks play the role of ensuring that there is sufficient amount of money to allow transactions within an economy. The deposited excess amount of money allows the banks the ability to issue loans to the people with insufficient amount of money. It is important to note that interest rates are essential in the entire intermediation process in the sense that they offer low interests to those who deposit their money and charge high interests on the loaners. This makes the demand for loans to be modest. The banks are not the only financial institutions that can absorb the excess amount of money from the citizens. The government can also borrow money from the public by issuing treasury bonds. Other institutions sell shares and stock with the same aim of ensuring that excess money in supply is absorbed. As such, there is competition for people to deposit their excess amounts of money to various channels. When there is high competition among the lenders, it is likely that the interest s charged on loans increase while the interests paid to the owners of excess cash also increase. Hence, the market forces play a crucial role in setting the interests paid to depositors and investors and the interests charged on the loaners. It is worth mentioning that the Federal Reserve play a crucial role of instituting measures to reduce or increase the bank reserves. When the Federal Reserve takes such measures, banks respond to them by adjusting the interests charged on loans. This makes loan attractive or less so according to the measures adopted by the Federal Reserve. The lowest rate of interest that a bank can lend is called the prime interest rate and is determined by various financial institutions. Another important aspect of intermediation is the velocity of money (V). This is the amount of times that a single dollar is used to buy goods and services within the country’s output. Currently, the velocity of the dollar is six. In other words, when the banks increase their lending, the velocity of money decreases. However, it increases every time non-banking institutions offer loans to the population. Apparently, the amount of money used to purchase goods and services in an economy can never exceed the amount of money supply (M) multiplied by the velocity of money (V). Thus, it is possible to define the Aggregate Supply of Funding (ASF), which is upper limit that people can purchase given the prevalent velocity of money and the prices of goods and services. This essay on Influence of Economy Concepts was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.