Teacher and Gun in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teacher and Gun in Schools - Essay Example Public school teachers should not be armed because security is not their responsibility. Teachers are meant to impart knowledge to schoolchildren. There is no training of teachers that are meant to ensure that the child is secure while in school. Arming teachers will not help in resolving incidences of violence and shooting in the school. In fact, even if the teacher is armed he will not be concentrating on ensuring that school compound and classroom are secure. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state, and school administrators to ensure that maximum protection is provided in school. This is because security lapse outside the classroom is the one leads to shooting in the classrooms. For example, if there was maximum security outside Connecticut, the gunman could not have accessed the children in their classrooms. On the other hand, arming teachers will have far-reaching consequences for children. Mostly, carrying the gun in school will frighten the children especially those never exposed to the gun before. This is likely to affect their academic performance in school. Others who may be exposed to guns in their homes may tend to sneak with guns in school, as this may perceive this as the acceptable culture. This is because they are likely to emulate their teachers. On the other hand, teachers carrying guns may lead to rising of the violent culture. Most of the children may grow up viewing violence as an acceptable thing in the society. For example, those children who tend to be exposed to guns at an early age are more likely to be violent in future (National Association of School Psychologist 2). Additionally, public school teachers accessing guns may lead to lack of concentration in school. This may occur to both children and teachers. The teachers are less likely to handle two things at a time. They cannot take care of security and at the same time teach children.

Biopsychology and The Importance Of Historical Milestones Within This Science Essay Example for Free

Biopsychology and The Importance Of Historical Milestones Within This Science Essay Sir Charles Scott Sherrington was among the well-known psychologists of his time during the 1930’s. Among the major issues, that he faced has been that of the utilization of the reflexes in the spinal cord to investigate the different aspects of characterization that makes up the neurons and the entire nervous system as well. This particular understanding has become one of the most outstanding discoveries of the 1930’s with regards the implicative facts about biopsychology. Through this understanding, there had been many other studies that followed, which were able to evaluate and rearrange the strategies used by Sherrington during his research in the 1930’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What did the findings of the research actually pertain to; and what breakthrough did it particularly imply in science of understanding the different aspects of biological psychology? Human’s physical aspects actually affect the major ways by which they react to the situations that they face in their everyday activities. Obviously, the situation has been explained to have been controlled by the process with which the neurons within the nervous system respond to the outside situations that the person deals with. From this particular understanding, the study on the connection between human physiology and human behavior basics and dysfunctions as well had been further developed. Understandably, the said implicative studies improved the process of making amended explanation on the different developed informative sections that make up biopsychology today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certainly, the beginning of such understanding led the process with which biopsychology is actually functioning today. The development of the said understanding mainly increases the competency of the said field in making informative and learned connection with regards the human basics in physical aspects and behavioral reflections. References: Man on His Nature The 1937–38 Gifford lectures, Edinburgh: New York: MacMillan, 1940. Cambridge University Press, 2nd rev. edition 1951, hardcover: ISBN 0-521-06436-8, paperback: ISBN 0-521-09203-5. Selected Writings of Sir Charles Sherrington: A Testimonial Presented by the Neurologists Forming the Guarantors of the Journal Brain Hoeber, 1940. Oxford University Press, 1979: ISBN 0-19-920104-8.

Narrative Essay -- essays research papers

Narrative Essay problems with format It was a normal Friday in March except for the fact that I got my license. So my friends and I thought about what we were going to do now that I have my license. Well, we cruised around town thinking we were hot stuff and that we were better that most kids in school since I had my license before many of my friends. We decided that we'd go off-roading since I had the huge truck. It was a hunter green 1979 Ford F-250 Custom. It had huge 33-inch tires, a loud crackling exhaust, and a unique 2-inch thick oak plank flatbed. It really was a beast. So we roared around the backroads hitting bumps and flying into fields just causing a little mischief not doing too much harm. After a week of horsing around in the truck, we became quite bored. So we decided to do something else. We sat around pondering what to do, nothing really came to mind. So my friends and I decided to go to a girl in our class's birthday party at the local recreation center. So on the way to the party we contemplated what we'd do afterward. My friend Chris brought to our attention the he just bought a brand new paintball gun. So with that in mind, we decided that we'd cruise around after the party and shoot houses with it. So we went to the party. We danced, talked with friends, flirted around with the girls, and had an all-around good time. So at the party we discussed who and where we'd go shoot the paintballs. We unanimously chose to shoot a girl's house that we really disliked. Till this day, neither of us knows why we dislike her. But anyway, Shannon Everett was her name and her house was the target. So as the party came to a close, Chris, Sise, and I sprinted to the truck excited about the attack on Shannon's house. We speeded to Chris's house so he and Sise could change and to get the Trracer, the beautiful new gun. While waiting for them, I could only feel the adrenaline pump in my body. As Sise and Chris pounced down the stairs, Cathy, Chris's mom asked why we were all dressed in black at 10 :30 at night. She asked what kind of mischief we were going to cause tonight. We just snickered and said we were going up to my house for a nice friendly game of Night Capture the Flag. Little did she know that what we were doing was nothing of the sort. So Sise and I meandered to the truck while Chris scurried off behind the house. A couple seconds later we sa... ...s wrong what I did. He then informed me that he had the State Police investigation called off. I was like, you had an investigation on us, damn. So afterwards, I hung up and called Sise and told him the story on what to do. He too agreed to call right away and apologize since I mentioned the State Police investigation. After that, I called Chris to see what was up. Turned out that our mischief and lying cost him a month of groundation, no phone privileges no paintball gun for 3 months, and no driving with me school for the rest of the year. Even though he got into a lot of trouble, I was scot free, and so was Sise. My parents didn't find out till my senior year when were shooting the word about paintball gun crimes in our area. Chris and I were there and stated that we made the precedent of the Lehighton Paintball Militia. We then explained what and when we did it. Still the troubling question of how Mrs. Everett found out was on all our minds. Turned out that my cousin Derek ove rheard us at the party talking about our little attack and decided to rat us out. Till this day, we still mention about the incident and bust on Derek for ratting us out and we know never to do this again

Policy-making in the Federal System Essay

The U.S. government’s expansive role in public policy is caught in a swirl of conflicting cross-currents. On the one hand, popular expectations about government’s responsibility to solve problems often exceed the capacity of state and local authorities to respond effectively. On the other hand, policies developed at the national level may not sufficiently reflect the great diversity of interests across the U.S. to be effective at the local level. Moreover, the search for effective policy is further complicated by theoretical debates about the constitutional framework of federalism, e.g., what limits on national power can be derived from the Tenth Amendment? A policy area in the middle of these cross-currents is elementary and secondary education – a subject traditionally under local control, with some oversight by the states. However, during the last four decades – especially since 2001 – the national government’s role in education has grown significantly as a result of initiatives by Republican and Democratic administrations. Use the assigned resources to inform yourself about this role and the arguments of its supporters and critics. In your initial post of at least 200-250 words, briefly summarize the national government’s education policies. Explain the main pros and cons in the debate about these policies. Evaluate them from two perspectives: The policies’ effectiveness in improving the quality of U.S. elementary and secondary education. (Justify your assessment by clearly explaining your definition of â€Å"effectiveness† and how it should be measured or determined.) Their consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism. (Justify your assessment by clearly explaining your interpretation of American federalism’s constitutional framework and why federal education policies are or are not consistent with it.) Fully respond to all parts of the question. Write in your own words. Support your position with APA citations to two or more different resources required for this discussion. By Day 7, respond to at least two of your classmates’ initial posts. Your peer responses each must be at least 75 words. They must demonstrate  critical thinking (e.g., ask a relevant question about your peer’s post while explaining why your question is significant, or state a perspective that contrasts with your peer’s while explaining or justifying your position). In the Federal government’s role in education, I think it can be seen in the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† that the Federal Government has set down certain educational guidelines for the states to follow. These guidelines have to provide the Federal government from the states with information such as student achievements, performance by school districts; test performed by students in grades 3 through 8, and ensures that teachers meet minimum qualifications for teaching, in order to get federal funding from the Federal government. I think that in one way, it could be construed as within the federalism’s constitutional framework, in that the Federal government is making sure that in order for the states to receive federal help that they must be in compliance with certain guidelines to best give a proper education to the children of today. Yet according to K. Hettleman, the U.S. Government has not gone far enough, as seen in his article, Expand â€Å"No Child† through Federal Standards, Funding, that the Federal Government holds states accountable for the low performance of poor and minority students, but is undermined by political compromises, that allow state and local officials to continue to devise their own academic standards and tests. I think there ought to be stricter regulations by the federal government of making the states do more for the students in education practices that would make all students equal in performance no matter of race, color or statue in order for that state to receive federal assistance. As seen by educational statistics, â€Å"Illiteracy in the U.S. Compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. is doing well. According to the latest International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), between 19% and 23% of American adults performed at the top levels for each of the three literacy scales: document literacy, prose literacy and quantitative (number) literacy. Sweden is the only country that scored higher. Yet many Americans are being left behind. The same survey found that between 21% and 24% of U.S. adults performed at the lowest level  for all three scales, a figure echoed by the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS). I think that the State and Federal Government ought to work closer together to ensure a better education for all Americans. Reference: Wong, K. K. (2008, December). Federalism revised: The promise and challenge of the No Child Left Behind Act, Retrieved from: Public Administration Review: Special Issue on The Winter Commission Report Revisited, S175-S185. Document ID, ProQuest Social Science Journals database in the Ashford Online Library Gabriel, T. (2011, October 9). G.O.P. anti-federalism aims at education [News analysis]. Retrieved from: New York Times (Late Edition (east coast)), A28. Document ID: 2480540871. Retrieved from ProQuest Newspapers database, in the Ashford Online Library Levin- Waldon, O.M. (2012). American Government. San Diego, Ca: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Http://www

Residential Schools Essay

The Decolonization of Aboriginal Civilizations through Education For centuries the Canadian government’s emphasis has always been on public affairs, where the wealthy and powerful dominated and the primary inhabitants who established our lands were almost completely disregarded. In this essay, I will argue that the educational system of the Indian Residential School (IRS) failed to meet the needs of entire generations of Aboriginal peoples. Even after the system’s discontinuation, the government continued to withhold any type of resolution for an entire decade and to this day the legacy of the IRS hangs heavy in aboriginal communities across Canada. I will prove that the Canadian federal system has failed in all accounts of Aboriginal students’ educational needs by looking at the provincial education system in comparison to the residential school system. The IRS institutions were launched in the 1840s with aboriginal children as their principal target; through them the Canadian government hoped to â€Å"civilize† and conform the following generations of Aboriginals into mainstream Canadian society and Christianity. The IRS’s objective resulted in the imprudent violation of the Aboriginal peoples’ traditions and the denial of their fundamental human rights. Up until 1996, Aboriginal children suffered from substandard living conditions and were taught at an inadequate level of education by men and women who were not qualified to teach. Although much has since been changed within the aboriginal education system, the legacy of the IRS system endures. It can be argued that the federal government sought to threaten the very existence of aboriginal peoples, and to annihilate the foundations on which the aboriginal ways of life were formed by replacing them with unfamiliar contemporary practice. As a nation that prides itself of multiculturalism and the legal protection of all cultures, Canada was unable to acknowledge and conserve the diverse aboriginal cultures. It was assumed that aboriginal children were the same across Canada. Differences among tribes, bands, and individuals played no role in a federal policy that viewed aboriginal peoples as a singular object or problem that was in need of resolution. The IRS system was a dismal failure with far-reaching consequences for entire generations of aboriginal peoples. Aboriginal families were already sending their children to provincial public schools when federal policy intervened to declare IRS to be their sole educational option. The Department of Indian Affairs (DIA) guaranteed the failure of aboriginal children to compete socially or intellectually with their non-aboriginal neighbors. I will illustrate how such a system lead to a significant gap in illiteracy rates between mainstream Canadian and Aboriginal children. The IRS system operated on a half-day curriculum during which children were removed from the classroom each day to do â€Å"occupational training† involving rudimentary tasks such as farming, harvesting, sewing, and constructing. At the root of the training was the lack of financial support available to the IRS. In a detailed comparison I will discuss the federal grants received by the IRS, which were less than 25% of the grants received by provincial public schools. My comparison will further emphasize how the financial limitations on their federal budgets affected the Aboriginal children’s quality of education and overall life. Federal officials hoped to see the IRS system become self-supporting through the use of pupils raising crops, sewing clothes, and generally doing â€Å"occupational training†. Since the termination of the IRS system, the acknowledgment and progress of government compensation has helped to restore a sense of hope in the aboriginal community. Although the government’s promises of a changed and better future support their efforts in alleviating the remnants of the IRS system, aboriginal peoples now face the hardships that were endured by their preceding generations with the justified belief that education is a tainted object of fear. Throughout the majority of Canadian history, the federal government utilized the IRS system to deprive Aboriginal peoples of their rights to proper living and education and have done little to reverse their damages. Annotated Bibliography Belanger, P. (2012). Dialogic Potential in the Shadow of Canada’s Indian Residential School System. Argumentation and Advocacy, 49(1), 16. In his article, Patrick Belanger argues that although efforts are being made by the Canadian government to express their remorse to the aboriginal community, the apology they offered, presented by Stephen Harper attracted public attention that was greater in scope than the apology’s sincerity. Belanger supports his argument by exploring incidents and statements in the past made by Harper and his inaccurate historical record. Belanger highlights how earlier on Harper had denied any â€Å"history of colonialism† in Canada, albeit admitting to five centuries of institutionalized racism and aggressive assimilation. Belanger also states how Harper narrowed his apology to the IRS system and disregarded other issues such as the violation and appropriation of Native treaties and lands. This article is helpful to my research because it supports the argument that although the Canadian government is making efforts to resolve the past, most of the progress that they propose is heavily focused on the future without particular attention and mediation to actual past events. Elias, B. , Mignone, J. , Hall, M. , Hong, S. P. , Hart, L. , & Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and Suicide Behaviour Histories Among a Canadian Indigenous Population: An Empirical Exploration of the Potential Role of Canada’s Residential School System. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 1560-1569. In this article, the authors theorize that the IRS system left a pattern of suicidal behaviors that has passed on inter-generationally. The authors support their argument by conducting an empirical study to investigate the association of the IRS system with trauma and abusive behaviors. They collected data from residential and non-residential school attendees and their analyses found that for residential school attendees, negative experiences in the school were associated with a history of abuse and for those of younger age, they were also associated with suicidal attempts. For non-residential attendees who had a parent or grandparent who was an attendee, there was also an association with a history of abuse. This history, along with age and having had parents or grandparents who were attendees, was associated with a history of suicidal thoughts and attempts. This article is helpful to my research because it helps to show how the hindrances of the IRS system still linger in today’s generation and how the damages are still not being properly reconciled today. MacDonald, D. B. , & Hudson, G. (2011). The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 427-449. In their article, MacDonald and Hudson explore the crimes committed against Aboriginal peoples throughout the existence of the IRS and how it compares to genocide. They support their argument by considering existing international and domestic laws on genocide and applying these laws and theories meaningfully in the IRS system. This article is useful to my research because it discusses the interpretations of the crimes within the IRS system. It also uses a pool of evidence from survivors and documents to help me form concrete judgments on the crimes committed by the government. Miller, J. R. (2002). Troubled Legacy: A History of Native Residential Schools. Saskatchewan Law Review, 66, 357. In his article, J. R. Miller discusses the history of the IRS system and argues that there is not enough exposure of the scope of the system’s evolution over the centuries. Miller supports his article by tracking the historical record of the IRS system and pointing out specific faults made by the Catholic Church and the federal government. He shows how inadequate government financing dating back to the late 1800s contributed to inadequate pedagogy, insufficient child care, and other forms of abuse. This article is helpful to my research because it focuses on the consequences of the system’s financial and social deficiencies and how they caused aboriginal communities to turn against the institution of education.

“What Were the Major Reasons for the Creation of the State of Israel Essays

â€Å"What Were the Major Reasons for the Creation of the State of Israel Essays â€Å"What Were the Major Reasons for the Creation of the State of Israel Essay â€Å"What Were the Major Reasons for the Creation of the State of Israel Essay The state of Israel emerged on May 15, 1948. It was the first Jewish state to be established in nearly 2,000 years and was the culmination of efforts by the Jews to secure a homeland for themselves.This paper will explore the major reasons for its creation. It will be shown to be a long enduring quest that has biblical origins. Subsequently both biblical history and geography will be worthy of mention as they are integral to the question I will furthermore suggest that the Jewish belief from the bible forms a basis for motivation for the creation of a state. Allied with this belief is the persecution sufferred by Jews when they dispersed worldwide during exile.This persecution, they felt, could end if they were able to realise a state of their own, whereby they would be able to govern and protect themselves from others who would persecute them. However, the bible and events thousands of years ago have been ‘stepping stones’ in the outcome of 1948 . Accordingly, I will concentrate on the more recent ‘stepping stones’ that facilitated the creation of the Israel state. Some of the areas that have been selected include the Zionist Movement, World War One, World War Two and myriad of politics that came to the fore during this period.In particular I will discuss the Balfour Declaration and its effect on the situation, and comment on whether it was a turning point in the Zionist quest for the creation of the state of Israel. 2 Two more points are worthy of mention. Firstly, this paper does not intend to debate or suggest an Arab versus Israel, Jew versus Muslim situation even though their religions are different and and are a factor. Secondly, it is not a debate on the Palestinian claim for the land in question.It is rather an exploration on ‘why’ Jews sought this area of land and the subsequent chain of events whereby this was successfully realised in 1948. GEOGRAPHICAL, BIBLICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The area of Israel, formerly Palestine, is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and is bounded by Lebanon in the north, to the north east by Syria, to the east and south east by Jordan and to the south west by Egypt. To the west is the Mediterranean Sea. Its total area is about 23,000 square kilometres (Harper 1986, p. 4) This particular area, as one of the oldest recorded in mankind’s civilisation has experienced numerous occupations. However, this situation sees two main ‘claimants’ to the land. The Palestinian claim is simple; they believe they were first inhabitants of the land descending from the ancient tribes of the Philistines and Canaanites. They argue the land is theirs perhaps much the same as the French regard France as their country, for example. The Jewish claim is not as straight forward. It has a complex historical and biblical argument. On the religious level, the Jews believe that God promised Palestine to them. The Book of Genesis in th e bible’s Old Testament records that Abraham, the father of the Jews, was told by God â€Å"the whole land of Canaan , where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you†. (Harper, 1986 p. 16) The Jews claim their right to this land originates directly from the bible. Historically, the Jewish claim to Palestine rests on Jewish habitation, there from about 1300 B. C. hen the tribes of Israel (after initial exile from there due to famine) escaped under Moses’ leadership from Egypt, where they were enslaved, entered and conquered Palestine from the Canaanites, Philistines and other tribes living there. This occupation lasted some 700 years. From then on there was a series of occupations such as Romans, Persians and Turks. (Cattan, H. , 1971 p. 148) It should be mentioned at this stage, religion plays an important role in the situation. Palestine is the Holy Land of three of the world’s major religions Islam, Judaism and Christianity.They all have significant historical and religious sites in this region. (Harper, 1986, p. 17) The biblical claim, supported by the historical claim by the Jews, is at the heart of the major reasons for the creation of the state of Israel. Its creation was based on the belief by Jews that the land was promised to them by God. Even though there has been a series of ‘take overs’ and occupations by others in this area and the occurrence of numerous ‘persecutions’ of Jews (which will be commented on later 4 n greater detail) worldwide since, causing other reasons for Jews to seek refuge in a homeland of their own, the Biblical reasons should not be underestimated as a major factor for the state of Israel being realised in the first place. It was after Jewish exile and disaspora thereafter worldwide and the subsequent ramifications of this that caused renewed motivation for the creation of the Jewish state. One such example came i n the form of Zionism. ZIONISM Since the abovementioned exile, the Jews experienced a broad disaspora and settled in numerous parts of the world, notably Europe and the United States.There had been many persecutions of the Jews during this period. In particular, this occurred during the nineteenth century in Russia and eastern Europe, where there were many incidents of violence. These events caused a political movement called Zionism to emerge. This was the earliest organised claim by the Jews to Palestine and commenced in 1897. Zionism’s founder was an Hungarian Jew, Theodor Herzl. He believed strongly that anti-Semitism would occur in any nation which contained Jews.It is important to add that at this stage of world history many parts were being divided up into smaller individual states. This gave an independance from previous rulers and importantly gave an opportunity to manage and protect affairs. This development gives rise to a major reason for the state of Isreal being formed. If a state was created for the Jews in which to live, they could govern independantly and 5 therefore provide an opportunity to defend and protect themselves from persecutors. Without its creation, they reasoned, the persecution would simply continue.In 1897, Herzl led the first Zionist congress whereby the motivation was harnessed in the form of a programme which preferred the ideal of the establishment of a publicly and legally secured home in Palestine for the Jewish people. At first though, other sites for the Jewish people were considered; in Africa and South America. These were resisted as the Zionists realised the emotional attraction of Palestine could be a powerful force if harnessed to a political ideology. This period was important in that it was a re-awakening for many Jews unhappy with the way they had been treated.The movement gradually gained strength and momentum and organisation and created a significant wave of Jewish emigration back into Palestine. The Je ws set up many settlements on land purchased from absentee Arab landlords. Much of the money needed was funded by the increasingly powerful Zionist Movement. At the start of this period, Palestine had almost 500,000 Arabs living there compared to the 50,000 Jews. By 1914, 60,000 Jews had emigrated there, purchasing some 100,000 acres of Palestinian land. (Barker, 1980 p. 9)In the chronology of events this period displays the emergence of the Zionists as a vital one in re-establishing the ideals of the Jews and overtly making things happen. This re-awakening caused the ‘ball’ to begin rolling. However, it was World War One that transformed the Zionist prospects for the foundation it had laid. 6 WORLD WAR ONE Palestine was under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and had been so for a considerable time. The Zionists had appealed to the Turks ideas of returning to Palestine which was refused. (Harper, 1986 p. 4). The British however were not so unsympathetic and off erred a small area in the African Continent. Even though this offer to the Zionists was refused, it is an important event in so much as it was an overt offer by the British and a sign of sympathy and understanding in the Zionist quest. The onset of World War One saw an interesting situation develop. When Turkey joined Germany and Austria against Britain, France and Russia, its defeat was expected to bring about the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and thus end Turkish domination of Palestine.This had important ramifications for Zionists, who supported the British, as it would further enhance their chances for their re-establishment in Palestine afterwards. For the Arabs this was important too. They also supported the allies against the Turks, their motivation being the end of the Ottoman rule over them. What soon occurred was to be arguably one of the major and decisive turning points in to the Zionist quest. Before what happened is revealed, an interesting ‘what if’ shou ld be considered ! What if Germany and the Turks had succeeded in World War One thus re-enforcing the Ottoman domination and control of the region?Whilst this can only be 7 speculative at best, one thing is likely the events that occurred due to the victories won during the war would not have been possible had Germany and the Turks won World War One. During World War One, Britain had encouraged the Arab Independence movement but had little intention of giving the Arabs the power they had been promised once the Turks, with invaluable Arab assistance, had been defeated. (Harper, 1986 p. 32) During this period two developments occurred that had important ramifications for both Arabs and Jews.The first was the secret Anglo-French-Russian accord known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement which divided between France and Britain, all of the areas in the region. Arabs recarded this a betrayal by the British, as the region of Palestine came under British control. (Baker, 1986 p. 31) The Zionists b y this time had political roots in Britain. In 1917, thanks to the efforts of Zionist Chaim Weizmann’s lobbying, the British Government issued a document that was to change the course of Middle-Eastern history. In the form of a letter from the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Balfour, a pledge known as the Balfour Declaration was made. THE BALFOUR DECLARATION A TURNING POINT â€Å"His Majesty’s Government views with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country†, so said the pledge made by Lord Balfour on behalf of the British Government.This pledge was eventually approved by its allies and subsequently incorporated in the terms of the Leag ue of Nations Mandate over Palestine, granted to Britain in 1922. This mandate was one of the major turning points in the Zionist quest. It not only had been agreed to by the British, but endorsed by its allies. Furthermore, it had been achieved without any consultation or negotiation with the incumbent inhabitants the Palestinians. The fact that this was done indicates that Britain was prepared to not only implement the mandate but enforce it regardless of any resistance.This mandate then saw a wave of immigration into Palestine by the Jews. However, the mandate was not the only reason for mass migration of Jews. During the 1930’s when Hitler’s persecution of European Jews gathered momentum, Jewish immigration soared dramatically, so much so that workers had 9 risen to a third of total population there. Out of this saw Arab alarm and subsequent hostility between the two occurred. In the middle of this was the British, trapped by the undertaking of the Balfour declara tion on one hand, and the promises made to the Arabs on the other.In the wake of continual violent confrontations between Jewish settlers and Palestinians, the British were increasingly finding the mandate difficult to maintain. In 1939 the British Government issued a White paper that envisaged the creation of a bi-national state of Palestine that limited Jewish immigration. (Cattan, H. 1971 p. 150) This was denounced as a betrayal by the Zionists. In an effort to placate the problem, the British had in so doing, incensed the situation further and violence was experienced.The British, as well, by this time had other more pressing problems in the wake of World War Two. This period also saw the important emergence of a militant aspect of the Jews, which stood apart from the increasing organisation and administration of the Zionists. Instead of immigration slowing down, the opposite occurred. Illegal immigration and settlement was stepped up and mass sabotage and resistance was organis ed or effected by the Zionists. This was a clear indicator that the Zionists, with their ‘foot in the door’ had no ntention of stopping in their quest for the creation of their own state. 10 WORLD WAR TWO During the war there was a general truce between the Zionist and British with the Jews feeling that until Germany was defeated, disruption of the British bases could not be justified. Indeed, during the war years, the British even trained some of the Jewish officers, thereby increasing the Jewish knowledge and ability even further. (Barker, 1980 p. 12) After the war, significant realisations came to the fore that ultimately assisted the Jewish cause. But it came at a huge cost.The systematic murder of six million Jews in the Nazi Germany holocaust caused near universal support for the Zionists’ effort to secure a new, safe future within an independent state. The significance of the holocaust points to another major turning point. The political sympathy and subse quent influence of a powerful United States after the war ensured the debate increased. Furthermore, Britain was not the power it used to be as a consequence of depletion both economically and materially, Britain was more than ever dependent and influenced by the Americans. THE UNITED NATIONSIn the United States a powerful and influential Jewish community mobilised itself to persuade the government to back Zionist ideals. 11 In 1947, the British Government turned to the United Nations for assistance in solving the situation in Palestine. On November 29 the United Nations General Assembly, after strong American pressure by President Truman, voted to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. This plan was eagerly welcomed by Jews but denounced by the Arabs. At the same time the British declared an end to the mandate due to cease May 14, 1948. Barker, 1980 p. 12) The United Nations’ decision was another major turning point. The power and influence of the fledgling United Nations was being tested and of course brought many new countries into the bitter lobbying process that occurred. The dispute had now become the resposibility of many new countries that were part of the UN. THE CREATION OF THE STATE During the period of the United Nations decision and the British mandate withdrawal, both Jew and Arab saw tensions increase between each other. There were many violent uprisings.In one such incident, at the Arab village of Deir Yassin, 254 civilian inhabitants were massacred by the Jews. This along with other events, saw a mass exodus of fearful Palestinians to neighbouring states. By this time the tide had turned. The Zionists had been systematically preparing for war and were well organised and trained. Terrorism was rampant and the British did 12 little to stop violence in the last days of their mandate. In fact, during the British withdrawal of troops, a distinct direction of neutrality was demonstrated.On May 14, 1948, just prior to the last withdr awal of British troops thereby ending the mandate, Ben Gurion read Israel’s Declaration of Independence to a Jewish audience in Tel Aviv. A provisional government was formed which was instantly recognised by two of the emerging superpowers, the United States and Russia. Thereupon the realisation of Jewish dreams had been fulfilled. 13 SUMMARY This paper has discussed the major reasons for the creation of the state of Israel. The quest for statehood and independence has been sought by Jews for nearly 2000 years.Both biblical and historical claims have significance in this discussion and are, I have argued, form a basis of Jewish beliefs for independence. However, it is the series of events that have occurred from the 19th and 20th centuries that real progress has been made in attaining the state of Israel. The ‘stepping stones’ of events have, it has been discussed, all played roles in facilitating the quest. Some have been more important than others. The ‘B alfour Declaration’ in particular was offered as a major turning point in the Zionist quest.So too the Jewish need to create a place so as to protect them from the experiences of persecution. The Jewish origins coupled with the recent events of the 20th century relate to each other and in between the ‘stepping stones’ of incidents have culminated in the outcome of the acquisition of an independant state of Isreal.BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOK REFERENCES: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 15th Edition, (1982), International Press, New York, U. S. A. , Volume 10 p 886; Volume 1 p 758 Barker, A. J. (1980), Arab Israeli Wars Ian Allan Ltd. , Shepperton, Surrey, England, pp 9 43 Bible (1976), Old Testament American Bible Society, pp 4 88 Bromley, S. (1994), Rethinking Middle East Politics Edited by Polity Press, Cambridge, U. K. pp 6 16 Cattan, H. (1971), The Palestine Problem: The Palestinian viewpoint in the Middle East: a handbook Edited by M. Adams, Great Britain, Anthony Bland Lt d. , pp 146 160 Harper, P. (1986), The Arab Israeli Issue. Wayland Publishers, West Sussex, England, pp 8 43 Mansfield, P. (1992), A History of the Middle East Penguin Books, London, England, pp 1 7 ; pp 85 135 Miller, A. (1988), The Palestinians: the past as prologue Current History, Volume 87, number 526, pp 73 76 ; pp 83- 85

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons The setup and validation of radio buttons appears to be the form field that gives many webmasters the most difficulty in setting up. In actual fact the setup of these fields is the most simple of all form fields to validate as radio buttons set one value that only needs to be tested when the form is submitted. The difficulty with radio buttons is that there are at least two and usually more fields that need to be placed on the form,  related together and tested as one group. Provided that you use the correct naming conventions and layout for your buttons, you will not have any trouble. Setup the Radio Button Group The first thing that to look at when using radio buttons on our form is how the buttons need to be coded in order for them to function properly as radio buttons. The desired behavior we want is to have only one button selected at a time; when one button is selected then any previously selected button will be automatically deselected. The solution here is to give all of the radio buttons within the group the same name but different values. Here is the code used for the  radio button themselves. input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr2 value2 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr3 value3 / The creation of multiple groups of radio buttons for the one form is also straightforward. All you need to do is to provide the second group of radio buttons with a different name to that used for the first group. The name field determines which group that a particular button belongs to. The value that will be passed for a specific group when the form is submitted will be the value of the button within the group that is selected at the time that the form is submitted. Describe Each Button In order for the person filling out the form to understand  what each radio button in our group does, we need to provide descriptions for each button. The simplest way to do this is to provide a description as text immediately following the button. There are a couple of problems  with just using plain text, however: The text may be visually associated with the radio button, but it may not be clear to some who use screen readers, for example.  In most user interfaces using radio buttons, the text associated with the button is clickable and able to select its associated radio button. In our case here, the text will not work in this way unless the text is specifically associated with the button. Associating Text with a Radio Button To associate  the text with its corresponding radio button so that clicking on the text will select that button, we need to make a further addition to the code for each button by surrounding the entire button and its associated text within a label. Here is what the complete HTML for one of the buttons would look like: input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /label forr1 button one/label As the radio button with the id name referred to in the for parameter of the label tag is actually contained within the tag itself, the for and id parameters are redundant in some browsers. Their  browsers, however, are often not smart enough to recognize the nesting, so it is worth putting them in to maximize the number of browsers in which the  code will function. That completes the coding of the radio buttons themselves. The final step is to set up the radio button validation using JavaScript. Setup Radio Button Validation Validation of groups of radio buttons may not be obvious, but it is straightforward once you know how. The following function will validate that one of the radio buttons in a group has been selected: // Radio Button Validation// copyright Stephen Chapman, 15th Nov 2004,14th Sep 2005// you may copy this function but please keep the copyright notice with itfunction valButton(btn) {    var cnt -1;    for (var ibtn.length-1; i -1; i) {          if (btn[i].checked) {cnt i; i -1;}    }    if (cnt -1) return btn[cnt].value;    else return null;} To use the above function, call it from within your form validation routine and pass it the radio button group name.  It will return the value of the button within the group that is selected, or return a null value if no button in the group is selected. For example, here is  the code that will perform the radio button validation: var btn valButton(form.group1);if (btn null) alert(No radio button selected);else alert(Button value btn selected); This code was included into the function called by an onClick event attached to the validate (or submit) button on the form. A reference to the whole form was passed as a parameter into the function, which uses the form argument to refer to the complete form. To validate the radio button group with the name group1 we, therefore, pass form.group1 to the valButton function. All of the radio button groups that you will ever need can be handled using the steps covered above.

Bioethics across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bioethics across Cultures - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that there are moral concerns over the involvement of the surrogate mother with the born baby after the pregnancy term elapses. Since it’s evident that the surrogate mother will not be the ultimate primary caretaker of the baby, several legal concerns arise in terms of the implications which may accrue as a result of actions underpinned by the surrogate mother to the born baby prior to the submission of the baby to the secondary mother.As the study highlights moral concerns arise with regard to the identity of the born baby. In this context, an ethical dilemma arises as to whether the secondary mother should inform the born baby of the â€Å"actual† surrogate mother who indeed carried the entire pregnancy or not since unravelling this secret could spell a dismantled self-identity to the child. There is an ethical question of how far we should stretch our humane autonomy and what implications may be imposed on our overall self-respect as a res ult of embracing and promoting surrogacy. Surrogacy seems to devalue and or degrade the humane self-respect bestowed by the creator. In the near future, surrogacy may paint the idea that human embryo or fetus can be interchanged. It may also portray that wombs are simply organs for hire and so forth. According to the divine command theory, our actions as humans should reflect God’s immutable nature.  

Environmental engineering report- flocculation Assignment

Environmental engineering report- flocculation - Assignment Example Proper designing, construction, and minimizing mechanisms are essential for protecting the environment and thus, the process of flocculation is regarded as a significant environment engineering techniques that helps to provide purified water. Thus, the report postulates that the flocculation technology is one of the superior environmental engineering processes to reduce the perilous and harmful substances that are generally present in the water, but the chance of errors remain in the process due to utilization ineffective chemicals. Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering technology in order to respond to the challenges imposed to the environment. Besides, with the growing population, the extensive land-uses, modernization of technology, increasing operational activities and other factors has led to a significant threat to the environment. However, through this growing concern various environmental engineers are engaged in the activities to develop and provide most noteworthy and technical solutions in order to effectively deal and resolve the environmental problem and issues through the optimum utilization of necessary resources. The main object of the environmental engineering is to improve the condition of the natural environment through providing healthy air, water and land supporting the human habitation as well as a prospering ecosystem. In this regards the flocculation is an indigenous engineering mechanism to treat the wastewater. This mechanism is used to neutralize as w ell as aggregate the various ‘colloidal particles’ that are present in the water. Moreover, this mechanism is utilized to reduce the hazardous substances, color, phosphorous, organic substances, and metal traces including iron, chromium and manganese present in the water. Moreover, due the significant characteristics of colloidal suspension present in the water, it is difficult to separate through the conventional

Material Culture Essay 2014-15 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Material Culture 2014-15 - Essay Example Culture developed with the human advancement in technology. Technology development leads to the study of the various human cultures Kittler, Winthrop-Young, & Wutz, 1999). Art conservation deals with the objects of culture, it provides a safe and secure environment for the objects under study. The Art conservation centre has its own work ethics just like any other work environment. There are three methods of studying material culture Gregg Finleys, Fleming and Prowns Methods. Gregg Finley was an historian who came up with the methods of studying material culture in the society (Mcluhan, 1962). According to him objects as of value while studying the culture. The object of study has five attributes that should be keenly studied. The five attributes of a significance. The object material is the appearance, composition and the colour of the object. The material of the object can explain presence of some culture in that particular object. Construction of the object can reflect culture in terms of its decoration, dimension, quality of the object and fabrication. The function explains why the object was created and how it is used. Provenance explain the history of the object, the owner of the object, user of the object, where and when the object was created (Muri, 2007). The significance of the object states the importance of the object to the owners and the end user s of the object. The Fleming’s methods provide operation that can be used to relate culture to certain objects. The first operation is the identification of the object; establish some unique features in the object and description of the object. The evaluation is the second operation, the object is compared with others similar object in the society to arrive at the final judgement. The third analysis is the interrelationship of the object with the culture to derive a meaning of the object in the society (Hammer & Swaffar, 2012). The final operation is the

Improving the efficiency of light distribution in PON for service Article

Improving the efficiency of light distribution in PON for service delivery in Fiber to the Home (FTTH) environments - Article Example This is true in wide area networks (WANs) that provide connectivity between cities and in metropolitan area networks (MANs) that connect telco operators’ nodes within cities. However, most local loop or the â€Å"last mile† that serve residential, small business or enterprise users, have not benefited from this. The local subscriber lines for telephone and Internet are still using twisted copper pairs while cable television subscribers are still using copper coaxial cable [1]. With the increasing users’ demands for services such as Internet applications, VoIP, interactive games, high-definition television (HDTV) and video on demand (VOD), the â€Å"last mile† connection has become a bandwidth bottleneck. Developments in xDSL and cable TV technologies has in some extent addressed this problem but still not enough to meet the continuously increasing bandwidth demand. A more effective solution is gradually being put in place especially in urban areas by extending the fiber to the user. This technology is called by many names depending on the termination mode – fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to the curb (FTTC) or fiber to the building (FTTB). All of these FTTx solutions may utilize the Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) distribution technology. This system utilizes bandwidth allocation algorithms to allow efficient sharing of limited upstream channel bandwidth [2]. Different methods of implementing this will be discussed in this art icle. An EPON system is a point-to-multipoint fiber optical network with no active elements in the transmission path from the source, an optical line terminal (OLT), to the destination, an optical network unit (ONU). It can use different multipoint topologies, such as bus, ring, and tree. The most typical architecture is based on a tree topology and consists of an OLT, a 1:N passive star coupler (or splitter/combiner), and multiple ONU. The OLT

Biography on Christian Andreas Doppler & The Doppler Effect Term Paper

Biography on Christian Andreas Doppler & The Doppler Effect - Term Paper Example Doppler started teaching temporarily at the University of Vienna after two years at the University. It was at this time that he published his first four mathematics papers. For several years, he tried to apply for a permanent teaching position in various schools, universities, and colleges (Maulik, 2005). All this while he was supporting himself by working as a bookkeeper at a local cotton spinning mill. Life became too hard for him as he was not getting the permanent job he wanted, so he decided to pack and go look for better pastures in America (Kinsella and Pertoff, 2004). However, just before he left, he received a job offer in Prague at the Technical Secondary School. However, he soon found himself bored and yearning for something that was more exciting than elementary mathematics. He, therefore, applied for a job as a teacher of higher mathematics. In the meantime, he did not let his mathematical skills rust away. He ensured that his mathematics skills were always sharp by doing part-time work at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute (Coman, 2004). Doppler did not have to wait for long before a major job opportunity presented itself to him. While working as a part-timer at the Vienna Polytechnic, the position of Geometry and Mathematics Professor became vacant and he applied for it, confident that he would get the job. Getting the job, however, was not as smooth a ride as Doppler had hoped it would be. He had to fight off competition from several other top contenders (Baxter, Allan, and Morley, 1999). This situation affected him and he began to experience poor health. The strain of teaching added to his health woes. Soon his students were complaining about his tests which they said were too unfair and harsh. He eventually asked for sick leave, and it is during this time of rest that Doppler presented one of his most famous papers.

Component Based Software Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Component Based Software Engineering - Assignment Example This is because these applications are already deployed originally for an environment or naturally embed assumptions based applications. In addition, the documentation procedure is nil, in these types of assumptions therefore if the component is reclaimed again then it is impossible to carry out test to check whether the assumptions are still valid or not. The implanted environmental assumptions are not invalid if they are reused in a different environment. However, this is possible only if the components are utilized in an operational system (Sommerville 1989). Component Composition The process regarding the Component Composition includes the integration of components with each other and particularly if written â€Å"glue code† in order to generate a system or another component. There are different ways to compose components. The methods include sequential composition, hierarchical composition and additive composition (Sommerville 1989). Sequential Composition Suppose a scena rio in which you are composing two components for instance A and B. Now in order to generate a new component such as Sequential components you generate this by combining the 2 existing components. In other words the sequential component is formed by calling the existing components in sequence (Sommerville 1989). This composition can be addressed as a composition of the â€Å"provides interfaces†.... Therefore, these compositions are used along with the components that include program elements or components that provide services. Hierarchical Composition The hierarchical composition occurs if the one component is called directly on the services offered by another component. These services are actually needed by the calling components. Thus, the â€Å"provide interface† that are offered by the called components must need a compatible â€Å"required interface† of the calling component. Here the component A calls directly the component. If the calling procedure is matched by their provided interfaces than no need of extra code is required for these components (Sommerville 1989). On the other hand, if the â€Å"required interface† between the two components such as A and B occurs than some conversion code is needed to overcome the situation. Moreover, the services do not need any â€Å"required interface† therefore, this type of composition is not utilized during the implementation as a web services. Additive Composition The additive composition happens when two or more components are added together in order to generate a new component that combines with each other functionally. The combination of the parallel interfaces includes the â€Å"provide interface† and the â€Å"required interface†. These interfaces are present in components A and B. However, these components are called separately with the help of their external interface of the composed component. In addition, the components A and B neither depend on each other nor they call each other. (Sommerville 1989) This kind of composition is actually utilized along with the other components that are program units or service components. In fact, all

Biography on Christian Andreas Doppler & The Doppler Effect Term Paper

Biography on Christian Andreas Doppler & The Doppler Effect - Term Paper Example Doppler started teaching temporarily at the University of Vienna after two years at the University. It was at this time that he published his first four mathematics papers. For several years, he tried to apply for a permanent teaching position in various schools, universities, and colleges (Maulik, 2005). All this while he was supporting himself by working as a bookkeeper at a local cotton spinning mill. Life became too hard for him as he was not getting the permanent job he wanted, so he decided to pack and go look for better pastures in America (Kinsella and Pertoff, 2004). However, just before he left, he received a job offer in Prague at the Technical Secondary School. However, he soon found himself bored and yearning for something that was more exciting than elementary mathematics. He, therefore, applied for a job as a teacher of higher mathematics. In the meantime, he did not let his mathematical skills rust away. He ensured that his mathematics skills were always sharp by doing part-time work at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute (Coman, 2004). Doppler did not have to wait for long before a major job opportunity presented itself to him. While working as a part-timer at the Vienna Polytechnic, the position of Geometry and Mathematics Professor became vacant and he applied for it, confident that he would get the job. Getting the job, however, was not as smooth a ride as Doppler had hoped it would be. He had to fight off competition from several other top contenders (Baxter, Allan, and Morley, 1999). This situation affected him and he began to experience poor health. The strain of teaching added to his health woes. Soon his students were complaining about his tests which they said were too unfair and harsh. He eventually asked for sick leave, and it is during this time of rest that Doppler presented one of his most famous papers.

International Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Management - Assignment Example The third measure used in managing foreign exchange risks is by use of foreign bank accounts and loan. Under this method, surplus currency is deposited in a foreign currency account (Mazin, 2007). Moreover, businesses may borrow foreign currency to make purchases. b) In a company that is trading in a country where the currency is weakening compared to its strengthening currency, the ultimate solution is to use the foreign currency option (Mazin, 2007). The foreign currency option ensures that the price of the goods is set at a premium and this helps to protect importer from fluctuations in price and allows the importer to take advantage of strengthening in local currency (Mazin, 2007). Q2. a) When an enterprise intends to achieve foreign expansion, it is critical for it to make three critical decisions. One of the major decisions that the business should make is of which markets it will enter and when to make the entry (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). A company should first identify the industry in which it will operate and the products or services it will be offering. The second decision that organization make when looking to achieve international expansion is on the scale of their entry (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). ... b) Decision on the mode of entry into a foreign market has great impact on the success of international entry and the amount of resources required in achieving foreign expansion. There are four mechanisms that are used as modes of entry to a foreign market (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). Exporting is the first mode of entry where products manufactured in one country are marketed and sold in another country. Exporting eliminates the need to set up facilities in the foreign country and therefore the costs associated with exporting are those on marketing (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). To effectively the export business, a firm must coordinate with importer, government and the transporter. The second mode of entry is licensing where a firm in the foreign country gains rights to use properties of the licensor (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). Property takes the form of patents, trademarks and production methods. The firm that gains these rights pays a fee to the licensor for the technic al assistance and other property rights given. The licensor firm makes little investment and this ensures that is high return on investment. Firms seeking foreign expansion may also rely on joint ventures. The objective of pursuing a joint venture include enhancing market entry, sharing of profit and losses, sharing of technology, allowing businesses a chance to conform to government requirements and to benefit from shared product development (Godfrey, Jack and Verzi, 2007). The fourth mode of entry in foreign expansion is foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI refers to ownership of resources in the foreign country. Resources transferred to a foreign country include technology, personnel and capital. FDI may be achieved via establishing new firm in a

Political Language Essay Example for Free

Political Language Essay Language is the life blood of politics. Political power struggles, and the legitimisation of political policies and authorities occurs primarily through discourse and verbal representations. Power can either be exercised through coercion or what US commentator Walter Lippman termed in the 1930s the manufacture of consent. Largely unable, and hopefully unwilling, to coerce; political authorities in so called democratic polities often need to manufacture consent in order to undertake their agendas. While this most obviously concerns relations between a government and its wider public, this process has profound effects on the workings inside governments and is an important aspect of socialisation into governmental work cultures. Put simply the manufacture of consent is a language based process of ideological indoctrination. While being astonishingly comprehensive, it is a remarkably subtle process. Discourse carries the very assumptions under which the things it alludes to are known and ordered in the context in which it is used. In concrete terms this means that the content of political language contains the very rationale by which it is to be framed, defined, understood and acted upon. Commonly this produces the manufacture of consent. Political language, as Michael Geis points out in The Language of Politics, conveys both the linguistic meaning of what is said and the corpus, or a part of it, of the political beliefs underpinning any given statement (p7). Whether circulating inside or outside governments this means that political discourse transmits and unconsciously reinforces the ideological foundations and the ways of knowing of the dominant political authorities. Applied to government agencies this means that the language of its official texts contains the means by which things are known and understood within these agencies. This means that official documents are shaped according to the way in which things are known and understood in the context in which they are primarily employed. What is included, excluded and how the document is structured is largely determined by these methods of knowing, understanding, and what these are ideologically deemed to encompass. None of this is to necessarily say that the contents of a document are untrue. In the case of Randolf Pauls report nothing alleged in it has been refuted. However its structure reflects the prizing of particular modes of linear rational thought, empiricism, and ideas of objectivity characteristic of the US bureaucracy. What he represented may well have been far less straightforward than how he presented it. The events Paul portrayed may well have included other significant happenings that were not included because they were either not recognised as such within the knowledge structures of the US bureaucracy, or because they may have contentiously reflected unfavourably on the ideological principles underlying the US government. On the flip side official documents can be used to identify the ideological principles of a government agency and the political authorities it represents. Where there is conflict in political discourse, there is conflict about the ideological and philosophical assumptions underlying political authority. Official texts, and their structures should be analysed to uncover the assumptions of knowledge and ideology at the foundations of the authority producing the text. According to Foucault, the most useful question in such an analysis is something along the lines of how is it that one particular statement appeared instead of another statement . Further reading : Burton, F., Carlen, P. , Official Discourse : On Discourse Analysis, Government Publications, Ideology, and the State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1979. Fairclough, N. , Language and Power, Longman, London, 1989. Foucault, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith, Pantheon Books, New York, 1972. Geis, M. , The Language of Politics, Spring Verlag, New York, 1987. HOME DOCUMENT http://teaching. arts. usyd. edu. au/history/hsty3080/3rdYr3080/Callous%20Bystanders/language. html v.

Features of a CIF contract

Features of a CIF contract The central feature of a CIF contract is that it is a shipment contract. This fact explains virtually every contractual and legal feature of the contract. Even if the CIF contract was the only standard form of shipping contract, which it is not, it would be very difficult to agree with the above statement; the contractual and legal features of this contract are explained by its title rather than its industry application. The acronym C.I.F. stands for cost, insurance, freight and represents those features which are included in the cost-price of the goods to be purchased[1]. ‘Cost’ simply pertains to the actual cost of the goods being purchased, ‘insurance’ quite literally means that the goods will be protected by an insurance policy during their transit and ‘freight’ refers to the cost of shipping the goods by carrier to the final delivery point. The best way to explain and understand the contractual and legal features of the C.I.F. contract is by way of an example. Consider the following: A. Ltd. [based in Ireland] offers to sell to B. Ltd. [based in England] 10,000 Kilograms of King Edward potatoes [A-grade quality] for  £2000 C.I.F. Liverpool. B Ltd. accepts the offer in writing. A legally binding contract has thus been formed. Let us now examine every stage of the execution of this contract, with particular focus of the respective contractual duties of A. Ltd., the seller, and B. Ltd. the buyer. Clearly, the first duty of A. Ltd is to appropriate 10,000 Kilos of A-grade quality King Edward potatoes. It may be that A. Ltd. already has this quantity of potatoes stocked in one of its warehouses in Ireland. Alternatively, A. Ltd. may know of a carrier which is on its way to Liverpool carrying this quantity of potatoes on board, in which case, A. Ltd. might choose to purchase them from their current owner while they are afloat. Alternatively, A. Ltd. may have already dispatched a shipment of potatoes to Liverpool, in which case, it may simply choose to assign the appropriate quantity of potatoes to meet B. Ltd.’s order. In light of the fact that the contract stipulates both the quantity, namely 10,000 kilos, and the quality, namely A-grade quality King Edward variety potatoes, the seller is under a duty to ensure not only that the goods dispatched/purchased/assigned meet this description, but also that they will continue to meet this description on delivery; in the case of Mash Murrell Ltd. v. Joseph I. Emanuel Ltd. [1961][2] it was held that there is an implied term in all C.I.F. shipping contracts that, at the ‘time of shipment’, the goods are of a sufficient quality to survive normal transit. A. Ltd., having appropriated the 10,000 kilos of potatoes, must then arrange for these potatoes to be shipped to Liverpool, the destination stipulated in the contract, and it is A. Ltd.’s duty to pay for the cost of this shipment, i.e. the freight. In return for this shipment fee, the carrier must provide to A. Ltd. a valid[3] Bill of Lading. A Bill of Lading is a document which contains the terms of the contract of carriage, as well as a statement that the goods have actually been shipped[4]. Essentially this document serves at the title of ownership, i.e. whoever possesses this document is entitled to take possession of the goods. In the case of Hansson v. Hamel Horley [1922] A.C. 36, the House of Lords held that once the seller has transferred the Bill of Lading to the buyer, conferred on they buyer are two distinct rights; â€Å"(a) a right to receive the goods[5], and (b) a right against the shipowner, who carries the goods, should the goods be damaged or not delivered. †¦ Regarding the former right, it therefore follows that this document be freely transferable [Soproma SpA v Marine Animal By-Products Corp. [1966] 1 Lloyds Rep. 367]. Regarding the latter right, it therefore follows that the Bill of Lading, when pr ocured by the seller, in our example A. Ltd., must be an accurate reflection of the state of affairs at the time of shipment. This principle was confirmed by the Court of Appeal in the case of The Galatia [1980] 1 W.L.R. 495. In this case it was held that the Bill of Lading must include a factually accurate statement as to the quality and quantity of goods which have been shipped. Where any quality or quantity is listed as ‘unknown’ on the Bill of Lading, the Court has tended to infer a presumption that the presumed state of the goods is â€Å"not wildly at odds† with the quantity or quality in fact loaded[6]; be â€Å"not wildly at odds† with the quantity in fact loaded. Returning to our example: A. Ltd. has thus far appropriated the cargo of potatoes, has made/procured a contract of carriage, at his own cost, and has received a valid Bill of Lading from the carrier, as receipt of shipment. A. Ltd. must now, as part of his final contractual duties, secure an insurance policy, again at his own cost, to protect the potatoes from all ‘usual risks[7]’ which might occur during their transit from the point of shipment to delivery at the port of Liverpool[8]. It is also important that the type of insurance policy secured is fully transferable, i.e. assignable by endorsement under S. 50(3) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906[9]; after all, after the goods have been delivered to B. Ltd., this company may wish to transfer the goods to a third party, who may then need to rely on the insurance cover, should it later transpire that the potatoes were damaged during their voyage at sea. These documents having been obtained, A. Ltd.’s final contractual duty is to ensure that these documents are sent and delivered to B. Ltd. I good time, so that they will have them in their possession at the moment the carrier delivers the potatoes to Liverpool[10]. Having discussed the contractual duties of the seller under a C.I.F. contract, let us now turn to examine the contractual duties of the buyer, B. Ltd: The first thing to note is that the buyer does not buy the goods themselves, but rather buys the documents pertaining to the goods, namely the Bills of Lading and the Insurance policy. Thus the buyer, B. Ltd., is under a duty to accept these documents from A Ltd. and pay for them. This duty is not absolute; the buyer has a right to reject these documents if they indicate that the cargo has been shipped late (i.e. later than the shipping date stipulated by the contract). This was confirmed by the High Court in the case of Kwei Tek Chao v. British Traders Shippers Ltd. [1954] 2 QB 459. Likewise, the buyer has a right to reject improperly tendered documents: In the case of Alkali Export Corp. v. Fl. Bourgeois [1921] 3 K.B. 443, the High Court held that the buyer was within his right to reject the documents for they did not contain a valid insurance policy, but rather an insurance certificate. Interestingly, under this conception of the C.I.F. contract, the buyer has a duty to pay against the documents even if he has not yet had a chance to inspect the goods[11]. This principle was confirmed in the case of Biddell Bros v E Clemens Horst Co. [1911] 1 K.B. 214, and was reiterated in the case of Manbre Saccharine v. Corn Products [1919] 1 K.B. 198, in which it was held that the buyer must pay against the documents even where the goods are damaged upon arrival. Prima facie, this might seem somewhat unfair; after all, why should a buyer pay for goods which have arrived in a damaged condition. However, if one considers the mechanisms operating under the C.I.F. contract, in particular the seller’s duty to secure appropriate insurance documents, one can see that the interests of the buyer are still protected regardless of his duty to pay for the documents prior to inspection; if the goods are faulty, and the Bill of Lading states that the goods were shipped in good conditio n, then the insurance company will reimburse the purchaser for any[12] damage to the goods which was caused in transit. If the Bill of Lading indicated damage prior to shipment, then the Buyer can take out action against the seller to reclaim his monies. This does not mean that the buyer must necessarily accept the goods once hey have arrived however. Unless the terms of the contract stipulate that the buyer cannot reject the goods[13], they buyer is entitled to refuse to take possession of the goods if, at the moment of delivery[14], an inspection reveals that the goods are not of the quantity and/or quality which was contracted for, e.g. if only 5,000 Kilos of B-grade Desiree potatoes were in fact delivered by the chartered carrier to B. Ltd. The statutory remedy which is available in relation to this right is provided by s53(3) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended), pertaining to an implied warranty over the quality of goods purchased. S53(3) of this Act states: â€Å"(3) I n the case of breach of warranty of quality such loss is prima facie the difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery to the buyer and the value they would have had if they had fulfilled the warranty.† One final point regarding the duty of the buyer under a C.I.F. contract: it is the responsibility of the buyer to secure all the necessary import licences which are legally required for the product(s) in question. If any stage of the delivery is stalled as a result of the buyer’s failure to secure the necessary Custom permissions, then any resultant damage to the goods, e.g. from their having to stay on board the carrier for an extended period of time and thus perishing, will be deemed, at law, his fault. In conclusion, whilst we have not been able to examine every single contractual and legal feature of the C.I.F. shipping contract, the above provides a near comprehensive description of the workings of such a contract in the real world. The C.I.F. contract is a standard termed tool which has been designed and evolved to ensure that the interests of each party to a shipping contract are protected, and also that the practical difficulties which would otherwise be faced by importers and exporters are somewhat mitigated. In response to the statement offered at the top of this paper: I hope I have argued convincingly that this statement is absolutely incorrect. The fact that a C.I.F. contract is a shipping contract is merely a description of its specific industry application; this description does not explain any of the complex and multifarious contractual and legal features of such a commercial arrangement. Perhaps what the statement meant to express what the fact that most of the legal and contractual features of a shipping contract are explained by the fact that it is a C.I.F. contract; in that case, the statement would certainly be more correct, although event then, the complexities regarding the duties of rejection and the procurement of valid documents cannot be gleaned from this description alone. I would argue, in final conclusion, that one should not attempt to explain the workings of the C.I.F. contract in one sentence alone. Such an endeavour will only serve to omit certain vital informatio n and lead to a poor understanding of the contractual and legal features thereof. References/ Bibliography: Alastair C.L. Mullis. (1997). Termination for Breach of Contract in C.I.F. Contracts Under the Vienna Convention and English Law; Is There a Substantial Difference? Published in Lomnicka / Morse ed., Contemporary Issues in Commercial Law (Essays in honour of Prof. A.G. Guest), Sweet Maxwell: London (1997) 137-160. John Adams ‘The Negligent Carrier: The Buyers Success’ The Modern Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 6 (Nov., 1982), pp. 690-693. Sassoon, David M., (2006). C.I.F. and F.O.B. contracts (London: Sweet Maxwell, 5th Ed. 2006) Footnotes [1] T. D. Bailey, Son Co. v. Ross T. Smyth Co., Ltd. (1940) 67 Ll. L. Rep. 147. [2] 1 W.L.R. 862 (QBD). [3] In the case of Arnhold Karberg Co v Blythe Green Jourdain Co [1916] 1 K.B. 495 the Court of Appeal confirmed, at 495, that under a C.I.F. contract, â€Å"the seller is obliged to tender documents representing contracts which are valid and effective at the time of tender.† [4] Diamond Alkali Export Corp. v. Fl. Bourgeois [1921] 3 K.B. 443. [5] On this point, Mullis (1997) p139 writes: â€Å"The c.i.f. contract is a type of sales contract where, although physical delivery is contemplated, the contract is performed by the delivery of documents† Termination for Breach of Contract in C.I.F. Contracts Under the Vienna Convention and English Law; Is There a Substantial Difference? Alastair C.L. Mullis. Published in Lomnicka / Morse ed., Contemporary Issues in Commercial Law (Essays in honour of Prof. A.G. Guest), Sweet Maxwell: London (1997) 137-160. [6] As per Phillips J at 615: The Sirina [1988] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 613. [7] Law Bonar, Ltd. v. British American Tobacco Company, Ltd. [1916] 2 K.B. 605. [8] In the case of Belgian Grain Produce Company, Ltd. v. Cox Co. (France), Ltd. (1919) 1 Ll. L. Rep. 546, it was held that the insurance policy must cover the goods for the continuous journey, i.e. from shipment to delivery. [9] The importance of assignability within the context of commercial C.I.F. contracts was discussed, at length, in Diamond Alkali Export Corp. v. Fl. Bourgeois [1921]. [10] After all, the Bill of Lading represents the title in the goods and so B. Ltd. will not be able to take possession of the potatoes without these documents to verify his ownership. [11] However the buyer does not, and indeed should not, accept the documents if they have been tendered incorrectly. A rule in regards to this point was most elegantly expressed by McCardie in his famous and oft quoted dicta from the case of Mandre Saccharine Co. Ltd. v Corn Products Co. Ltd [1919] 1 KB 198. He stated: â€Å"there may be cases in which the buyer must pay the full price for the delivery of the documents, though he can get nothing out of them, and though in any intelligible sense no property in the goods can ever pass to him – i.e., if the goods have been lost by a peril excepted by the bill of landing, and by peril not insured by the policy, the bill of landing and the policy yet being in the proper commercial form called for by the contract.† [12] This is strictly true; the insurance document will only cover the goods against all usual risks, and therefore, if the damage caused was due to an exception circumstance, there will be no form of financial redress for the buyer. If the exceptional circumstances were caused by the carrier, the buyer may sue this company in the tort of negligence or even in contract law [s2(1) Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1992 removes the normal rules of Privity to allow the ‘right to sue’ in such cases to be transferable]. [13] Shipton, Anderson Co. v. John Weston Co. (1922) 10 Ll. L. Rep. 762 [14] In the case of Kwei Tek Chao v. British Traders Shippers Ltd. [1954] 2 QB 459, the High Court held that this right arises the moment the goods are passed over the ships rail on delivery.

Three Strike Laws Essay -- Law Laws Argumentative Persuasive papers

Three Strike Laws Mandatory minimums and three strike laws, are they really the answer to the crime problem America has faced for years? Many would say yes, including me, as long as it is for a violent crime such as murder, rape or arson; some feel that even theft, drug trafficking or possession, and burglary are all worthy of the 25-to-life sentence that can be carried under the mandatory minimums for three strike laws. A three-strike law is a law that states that you will be sentenced to 25years to life for three violations and convictions of a law. Where the three strike laws have mandatory sentences, mandatory sentences aren’t always tied in with three strike laws. A mandatory minimum is a law that requires someone serve a predetermined amount of time in prison for specific offenses and the only way to have it reduced is by assisting the authorities in further convictions of others. In California a man was sentenced under the three strike laws for theft because he had two prior convictions. This man had been convicted of robbery and attempted robbery; therefore the slice of pizza he stole got him 25 years to life in prison (Lungren Trumpets ‘Three Strikes’ Law). Yes now, in California, you can be sent to prison for life if you take a slice of pizza from someone. Let’s talk about how fair these laws are. Many say that these laws are used to profile African Americans and inner-city minorities primarily by the sentencing difference in rock and powder cocaine. There is a difference in the two forms and how they’re sold. Cocaine can be bought and sold as powder or rocks, also known as crack or crack cocaine. The effects of each are essentially the same. People will get the same effects with powder as w... ...ad, Peter. â€Å"Mandatory Sentences: Putting the Record Straight† Contemporary Review 270.1573 (1997): 57-61. Easton, Steve. â€Å"Incarceration Aids Drug Fight.† USA Today 30 Sept. 2002: News A11. Free, Jr. Marvin D. â€Å"The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans.† Journal of Black Studies 28.2 (1997): 268-287. Goodwin, Catherine M. â€Å"Determining Mandatory Minimums In Drug Conspiracy Cases.† Federal Probation 59.1 (1995): 74-79. Heath, Erin. â€Å"One-Track Justice.† National Journal 33.34 (2001): 2614-2617. Locy, Toni and Joan Biskupic. â€Å"U.S. Panel to Urge Change in Crack Penalties.† USA Today 4 Aug. 2002: News A3. Stodghill, II, Ron. â€Å"Unequal Justice: Why Women Fare Worse.† Time 2 Jan. 1999: 50-52. Taylor Jr., Stewart. â€Å"Good Pardons, Bad Laws, and Bush’s Unique Opportunity.† National Journal 33.7 (2001): 466-468.

A Summary of Marketing Myopia Essay

Abstract This document summarizes the work of Theodore Levitt in his work published in The Harvard Business Review titled â€Å"Marketing Myopia.† Levitt’s work details the reasons growth industries are actually not that at all, and how organizations fail across the globe in regards to marketing. In addition, the document will correlate Levitt’s work in 1960 to contemporary marketing. Keyword: Theodore Levitt, marketing myopia, contemporary marketing A Summary of Marketing Myopia Marketing Myopia by Theodore Levitt was published by Harvard Business Review in the summer of 1960. According to Levitt (1960), all industries are growth industries and the failure of industries is not because of marketing saturation, but because of management. Levitt uses the oil industry, automobile industry, transportation industry, and electronics industry to support that notion. In addition, Levitt details how population has no effect on business success. Lastly, Levitt summaries what is necessary to avoid the marketing myopia syndrome from an overview. Levitt opens his work by point out that failure is at the top. In a more specific response, failure of the organization rest on the top executives who are responsible for broad aims and policies (Levitt, 1960). To support his idea, Levitt utilized the railroad and Hollywood movie companies as examples. Levitt explains the railroad did not fail because passenger and freight transportation declined, but because the railroad failed to supply the customers’ need (Levitt, 1960). Levitt continues with Hollywood explaining that they did not fail because TV shows; they failed because management classified them as the â€Å"movie† business instead of the â€Å"entertainment† business (Levitt, 1960). Levitt continues to support his notion by indicating what saved Hollywood. Levitt explains, it was not a  resurgence of customers to the movie industry, but in fact was a surge of young new writers. Levitt continues the explanation of Marketing Myopia by ruling out the population myth. According to Levitt (1960), the idea that profits are assured by and expanding and more affluent population is dear to every industry. However; Levitt continues by indicating that this â€Å"myth† is undergoing a fundamental yet typical change (Levitt, 1960). The population myth attempts to explain that if large quantities of people need the product then product development to replace the current item is not necessary. According to Levitt (1960), the petroleum industry’s efforts have focused on improving the efficiency of getting and making its product, not really on improving the generic product or its marketing. Therefore, the petroleum industry owes its continued success to other product developments. In order to avoid â€Å"marketing myopia† companies must make four steps. To begin they must adapt to the requirements of the market, and the faster the better. Second, the company must employ a vigorous leader whose vision and drive set the pace for the company. Third, the entire organization must be customer creating and customer satisfying organizations. Lastly, the company must think of itself as buying customers. Contemporary marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer versus the seller. Levitt’s work with Marketing Myopia relates directly to that point. Businesses are no longer able to sit back and enjoy continued market growth. They must focus on the buyers needs and at the same time take necessary steps to make its own products obsolete. Furthermore, business must focus on what industry they place their product, as with the railroad being in the â€Å"railroad† business rather than the â€Å"transportation† business. In conclusion, Theodore Levitt published Marketing Myopia in the 1960 edition of the Harvard Business Review. The article explains how companies fall to the extinction list in relatively short time periods or are revived by other companies whose product relies on theirs. Levitt explains the four steps companies must take to ensure they do not catch the myopic views. References Levitt, T. (1960). Marketing Myopia. Harvard Business Review, 138-149.

Analysis OR Selecting a Windows 7 Edition Essay

The Current Corporation has 8 Workstations that are running 1GB of memory, rocking an awesome 1.8 gigahertz Cpu’s. The 3 computers located in the Warehouse are running sluggish when pulling from the Access Server located in the Main office across town. The company needs software upgrade and possible a hardware upgrade to make this run efficiently. The Last 5 Workstation are located by the server and mostly run Windows Office applications. First thing we have to determine is if the corporation would like to upgrade their hardware. Which in this case sounds like a better option; but if they are not willing to upgrade hardware then we will select the Windows System that isn’t going to break them but still able to do what they are intending it to do with minimal cost. In retrospect the Hardware Meets the minim requirement to run all 5 Windows 7 versions; I would go for Windows Enterprise because it has the Additional features include support for Multilingual User Interface (MUI) packages, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and UNIX application support. Not available through retail or OEM channels, this edition is distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance (SA). As a result it includes several SA-only benefits, including a license allowing the operating of diskless nodes (diskless PCs) and activation via VLK. Please with Enterprise you can use it on multiple workstations under one Purchased license. So if the company ever wants to  add more workstation it would not require the purchase of another operating system. And I would even suggest that even if they did not want to upgrade the server hardware so that could help with the sluggish performance across town in there warehouse. When it comes to implementing the Plan I would do a clean wipe of the all the workstations, I would perform backs of all data they need to save; I find that this would the best because it is Windows Enterprise recommends a clean install. I would also do this to help limit the amount of possible data corruption that could accrue. But sense Windows 7 Enterprise calls for a clean install. I would do that.

Pillars of Society Matrix Essay

Politics are all about power, and authority. The government is about owning and running services, such as mining, steel, energy, forestry, telephones, television stations, and airlines (Henslin, 2011). The United States has adopted many socialist practices. The most obvious is the government taking money from some individuals to pay for benefits of other. The government has complete control over all aspects of our lives. They control from food, housing, imports, exports the whole mighty dollar. The government has put the United States in debt and put more American’s on the street with a failing economy. Inflation has hit many of us, currently gas is $4.09 people are no longer being able to afford to drive their vehicles. I have an Avalanche and it cost me nearly $100+ dollars to fill up. I can remember when we paid $1.98. The government controls petroleum and chooses not to dig in our own back yards but in foreign countries. Communities impact political voices we have a choice in whom we may choose to elect to represent our states and our nation, the candidates all seek the majority votes. Communities can have an impact of what is creation of new laws and bills. Technology plays a big role in politics now. The introductions of technologies make an impact on American politics. With Facebook, twitter, YouTube, media groups are playing major roles in the election of candidates and our presidents. There is a GOP internet forum FreeRepublic and MoveOn that are political communities (Davy, 2010). Marriage and Family That family is so significant to humanity that it is universal-every human group in the world organizes its members in families. Western civilization regards family as husband, wife, and children, other groups of family are polygamist. Marriage is a groups approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort and now marriage in no only man and woman but now there is approved same-sex marriages (Hensil, 2010) I think that marriage and family a two very important things in life that keep a healthy relationship in someone’s life. Now and days I just see so many people just laying down and making babies instead of having values and morals with being married before the kids come. I can’t say all marriages will last because I was married at 20 and we did not last very long at all. Marriage and family can impact economics and community because people who are married tend to be better off than single and cohabiting parents (Kaye, Lerman, (n.d.)). In recent years technology can destroy a marriage and family because of these social websites. Then with economically there are so many layoffs and few jobs that it too has made an impact on families and a loss of a job and pull a marriage apart because of financial issues. Education Many Jobs require you to have the skills before you are allowed to work. Just like Doctors display their credentials (Henslin, 2010). Education helps us students in seeking higher positions and employment. I believe that we are getting educated from the time that we are born until the time we are no longer able to comprehend new information. We have to get an education to get better jobs if we would like to make good money in a failing economy. For me I got tired of living off of tips or from pay check to paycheck because the cost of living has risen and to survive you need to get an education to get a higher paying position. There are advantages in education it economically stables a country. There are competitive advantages over other economies. Employers want workers who are more productive and who will require less management (Radcliffe, 2012). The advances in technology are so far advanced that children and adults are being educated through various apps, websites, and cyber classrooms. It also changes the productivity in an industrialized world. Increased productivity means increased revenue. * Module 7 is targeting the technological impact on all pillars. Be sure to complete the last column during Module 7 before you submit the assignment to the instructor. For the â€Å"impact of technology† column, please explain how technology has impacted each of the four pillars on the matrix. References Henslin, J. (2011). Essentials of Sociology: A Down To Earth Approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Davy, Steven. (2010). How Technology Changed American Politics in the Internet Age. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2010/04/how-technology-changed-american-politics-in-the-internet-age096 Kaye, K., & Lerman, R. (n.d.) Effects of Marriage on Family Economic Well-Being. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/marriage-well-being03/summary.htm Radcliffe, B. (2012). How Education and training Affect Economy. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/education-training-advantages.asp

Price Strategy for Business Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Price Strategy for Business Market - Essay Example Pricing decisions are highly complex, and organizational objectives are primary factors while deciding upon a pricing strategy. Price skimming, penetration pricing, mixed pricing, cost-plus pricing, variable pricing, marginal pricing, promotional pricing, and differential pricing are techniques used by organizations while developing their pricing policies. Price skimming involves offering a product or service for a premium on a low volume. The strategy is typical for new products or services in new markets, where a certain number of customers are willing to pay more for new innovative products or services. The process speeds up the payback period. When the product or service becomes popular and sales volume increase, prices come down. An example of this technique has been deployed in the mobile phone industry. Penetration pricing is a technique used for penetrating the market for gaining substantial market share, by setting the price low for high volume sales. The payback period is l ong, however, the strategy allows for the establishment of strong market position. The strategy has been deployed in airline industries and fast food businesses. Mixed pricing involves price skimming in the beginning, and penetration pricing when competitors enter the market. An example of this approach has been used in mobile communications. Cost-plus pricing is based on total cost of the product or service and addition of the margin. The disadvantages of the method include, pricing may be too high or too low.

Discussion 1 intercultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion 1 intercultural communication - Essay Example Russett, Starr and Kinsella emphasized that students of world politics are better equipped than most because they are in a better position to become active citizens rather than passive objects of historical forces because they develop a good set of basic concepts and questions, a penchant for analysis, a healthy bit of skepticism on the conventional wisdom, tolerance for ambiguity, among others. (p. xv) I agree with this wholeheartedly. Studying world politics will not just keep me informed but instead it would enable me to be a learned individual in the sense that I am acquiring a broader perspective on issues as opposed to the insular mindset cultivated by the preoccupation to what is happening here in my immediate surrounding, in my own society and community. The world is vast and there are lots of ideas, point of views, opinions, alternative solutions, versions to a problem. They are waiting to be discovered and tapped and world politics is just the right discipline for me to do just that. What impact will knowledge of World Politics have on your professional career?   Knowledge, as the cliche puts it, is power. ... t would impact my career since the field can address issues about security as well as progress, order, war, justice, even the decisions concerning life and death are sufficiently covered. According to Little and Smith, each day the global politics, problems and relations are changing, and that it is always in a state of flux. (p. 1) Without the basic concepts learned from the discipline, it would be difficult to make heads or tails of issues that are important especially in decision making. World politics can enable me to make sense of the seemingly chaotic variables into coherent patterns as well as identify, learn and apply numerous theories about an issue or an area, making my analytical capabilities better than the average. I think that this skill is invaluable particularly if I pursue a career not just as a diplomat but as a politician or some work within the political arena, I would be much more equipped to survive in the field because my awareness of the international events w ould enables me to navigate a sector that is increasingly being characterized by several globalizing forces. In this context, I would become an invaluable asset as well in the economic field, even in defense. What is your metaphor?   I have always thought that THE American is like the salesman that knocks on your door, selling not just encyclopedia, but an array of wares that would put a gypsy or a tinker to shame. When the housewife opens the door and refuses the very first product shoved under her nose, a new and different ware would immediately takes its place, and another, until a sale is finally concluded. At first glance or for other people such metaphor could immediately be equated with an unscrupulous character or identity not unlike how the many American lawyers chase ambulances or