Sibling Incest

J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 DOI 10. 1007/s10896-009-9251-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sibling Incest: A Model for Group Practice with Adult Female Victims of Brother–Sister Incest Kacie M. Thompson Published online: 5 June 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Working with groups of people who have been sexually abused introduces mutual experiential themes into the process that can be beneficial and meaningful. This paper discusses brother–sister incestuous sexual abuse with implications for group work. Literature and research is reviewed concerning sexual abuse, incest, family relationships, and theories that aid in explaining incest. Themes covered include: effects of incest, coping methods, blaming, and family of the victim. Common themes are explored and implications for group work are suggested on the basis of length, detail, structure, content, and pre-group contact. Keywords Sibling incest . Group practice . Group therapy Sibling incest is widely believed by researchers and clinicians to the most common type of incest (Carlson et al. 006). Historically, the issue of father–daughter incest has been most often referred to when speaking of incest as a form of sexual abuse; and the concept of sibling incest has been ignored. Despite the high occurrence of sibling incest and its negative effects, attention to this issue by the family, researchers, and professionals has been lacking (Bass et al. 2006). In fact, violence between siblings is much more prevalent than child abus e by parents (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). The purpose of this discussion is to highlight the experience of victims of sibling incest by shedding light on their feelings, thoughts, and mental and emotional issues that are a result of incestuous abuse. Based on the understanding of the sibling relationship and aspects of sibling incest, a model for group therapy is introduced K. M. Thompson (*) University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA e-mail: [email  protected] com for adult female victims of brother–sister incest. Aspects, such as sibling elationships, effects of brother sister incest, the family, blaming, coping, and theoretical frameworks, are discussed to inform group work with victims. The Sibling Relationship & Incest Siblings share a unique relationship bound by genetics, social class, history, and family connections. The sibling relationship often outlasts many other relationships (Bass et al. 2006). The sibling relationship is unique in longevity and can be one of the most influential relationships in oneâ₠¬â„¢s life. Because of this, the impact siblings have on one another should not be underestimated (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). This unique relationship that siblings share is sometimes the reason why incidences of sibling incest are regarded as â€Å"sexual curiosity†. This view of sexual curiosity is often accepted by family members and the details of that curiosity are not fully understood (McVeigh 2003). Sibling incest is defined as sexual behavior between siblings that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally appropriate curiosity. Sexual abuse between siblings is not limited to intercourse. It has been shown that unwanted sexual advances, sexual leers, and forcing a sibling to view pornographic material can have as much of a psychological impact on the victim as actual intercourse (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). There are many forms of sexual abuse, but the negative effect incest poses on the victim and the family cannot be ignored. The sibling relationship and the causes of sibling incest have been addressed in several ways. Some authors such as McVeigh (2003), note the importance of the power dynamic between the brother and sister, as that dynamic is caused by age difference and gender expectations. Haskins (2003) 532 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 states that incest with a younger sibling by an older sibling is motivated largely by urges to satisfy underlying emotional needs for nurture and comfort rather than a need for sexual gratification. The offender’s behavior has sometimes become an outlet to express his unconscious needs. To fully understand the victim and offender’s relationship, family contexts should be examined. Perhaps the victim feels and behaves in similar ways due to the dysfunction in the family environment and the possible need for comfort and acceptance, which will be discussed in relation to family details. Common Experiences: The Effects of Sibling Incest Reactions to incestuous sexual abuse vary from person to person, depending on the severity, duration, and family reaction to the abuse. Victims of sexual abuse experience long-term difficulties including psychological, sexual, and relationship problems (Brand and Alexander 2003). Victims of incest have many feelings, emotions, and issues to deal with in order to cope with the abuse they experienced. Victims of sibling incest exhibit a wide variety of psychological problems. Sexual sibling abuse creates fear, anger, shame, humiliation, and guilt (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). Along with those feelings, victims can also have severe depression and feelings of helplessness (Martens 2007). Sometimes these feelings can lead to suicidal thoughts, and sexual promiscuity; two aspects that are very common in sexually abused women (Rudd and Herzberger 1999). In order to understand the many effects of abuse and the long-term consequences, aspects, such as blaming, coping, and forgiveness, will be addressed under the framework of issues to be addressed during group work with victims of sibling incest. Family of the Victim Family systems theory has been utilized by clinicians to aid in the understanding of sibling abuse. Family systems theory supports the understanding of the sibling relationship within the familial realm by viewing the sibling relationship as just one piece in the family puzzle. The family environment is an interactive, interdependent network in which the behavior of each individual or subsystem modifies the behavior of other individuals or subsystems. This environment is quite intimate, and if the network begins to break down, it often fosters violence. Through this, the family systems outlook shows that sibling abuse and incest cannot be considered an isolated problem but should be seen as a manifestation of family dysfunction (Haskins 2003). The importance of the family should always be examined in cases of sibling incest. Bass et al. (2006) note that each member of the family will hold a unique perspective and position on the issue of incest and sexual abuse; which in turn models how the woman involved in that abuse will react or respond to the abuse and the treatment that may follow. Sibling incest occurs in families with some common characteristics (Phillips-Green 2002). Abusive and incestuous families have high levels of personal, social, and economic stress; substance abuse; and exaggeration of patriarchal norms; and parenting skills are consumed with high levels of frustration, with punitive or harsh childrearing styles (Haskins 2003). Systems theory aids in the understanding that what one person does effects another, which effects another. The family dynamics that housed the sibling abuse can have negative effects on the victim in how she views herself and how she will parent her children based on how she was raised. Whatever the case, sibling incest is painful and damaging, whether the families are relationally connected or distant (Bass et al. 2006). Not only does the family play an important role in examining the bigger picture of the victim’s life, but it also provides insight into the individual and her treatment process. With brother–sister incest, the victim and the perpetrator are both in the family unit, and that unit can be strongly effected by disclosure of abuse. Disclosure can create emotional distress which may lead to the breakdown of the family, disclosure can also cause blaming to occur. It has been shown that blaming is often a large factor in the disclosure process. The parents and teachers often blame the victim for the abuse instead of providing support (McVeigh 2003). The victim has already endured the abuse, the shroud of secrecy, and in the moment she thinks she will begin to overcome this abuse she is often ridiculed and blamed for causing the abuse that was inflicted upon her. Cyr et al. (2002) hypothesize through their research that when blaming from the parents occurs, the mother is placed in a loyalty bind, having to choose between her daughter and her son. Depending on the type of relationship the mother has with each child, the blaming could be greatly influenced. The issue of blaming can be reciprocal, as the victim may then blame herself and her mother. Blaming Just as the victim is often blamed for the abuse she endured, blaming can occur by the use of self-blame or by motherblaming. Blaming the self for events that happened are not only damaging but are often associated with feelings of guilt relative to the abuse (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Women that have experienced brother–sister incest may also feel unsafe, and when she believes that she is the one J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 533 to be held responsible for the wrongdoing, she will turn any feelings of rage and hostility away from the perpetrator or her family and place them on herself (Schlesinger 2006). Self-blame and mother-blaming are common ways to deal with feelings of guilt and anger. Mother blaming is supported by the notion that the mother is in some way responsible for the acts of the victim’s brother. Victims of incest often internalize anger, directing hatred and aggression against themselves. When these feelings become too intense, the victim copes with this by focusing her anger on her mother, which allows the victim to externalize her feelings (Jacobs 1990). Looking at family dynamics as well as the specific relationship the victim has with her mother can be useful in understanding coping methods through blaming. processing for the resolution of the trauma, as well as increase the likelihood for poor day to day adult functioning (Brand and Alexander 2003). With a deeper understanding of coping methods, there may be an enhanced opportunity for educating the individual who exhibits those behaviors, as well as other group members. Group Therapy The use of group therapy can be very effective with a variety of populations, especially those that have experienced incest. Group therapy can provide a unique opportunity for self and interpersonal learning because it allows for members to address effects of interpersonal victimization by identifying with other members who have had similar experiences (Wanlass et al. 2006). Although little is known regarding best practice measures to treat victims of sibling incest, options for treatment have been discussed based on the fact that each victim of sexual abuse will be different in the treatment process (Martens 2007). There are several characteristics of sexual abuse that can affect not only the victim, but the treatment process as well. Aspects such as duration of the abuse and the use of force should be examined. As mentioned earlier, the family dynamic should be looked at as well though the lens of how the victim’s disclosure of abuse was received. The victim will be coping with not only the abuse, but the impacts disclosure may have had on the family and the victim as well. Rudd and Herzberger (1999) note four common characteristics among victims coming to receive treatment: enforced secrecy, interpersonal power differentials, influences on sexual development, and individual aftereffects. These researchers state that abused women often felt that by tolerating the abuse and keeping it a secret was a way to hold the family together. This aspect of secrecy in the incestuous relationship is also connected to power dynamics within the relationship. These characteristics as well as sexual development and individual aftereffects can be examined including other issues discussed earlier. Focusing on building strength and resilience in group therapy has been noted by Wanlass et al. (2006) and Anderson (2006). Both authors contend that working through the abuse during the group process can be seen as â€Å"surviving† the abuse, which is an example of resiliency. The group therapy process can be structured and focused to maximize skills associated with resiliency, leading to improved treatment outcomes (Wanlass et al. 2006). Anderson (2006) discusses a change in perspective of how the victim views herself; from the victim to the survivor; which can aid in the process of forgiveness. The topic of forgiveness may be valuable to group members, depending on where each member is in her process of Coping When considering group therapy with women who have experienced sibling sexual abuse, coping mechanisms should be examined to understand what issues and problems the individuals may have due to their coping skills. The way each individual copes with the abuse can be connected to any diagnosis that they may have been given as a result of the abuse. For example, many victims of trauma, especially sexual related trauma display characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (Banyard and Williams 1996). In these situations, group members may need to be taught coping strategies to manage traumarelated anxiety (Foa et al. 1999). Paying close attention to the possibility of or presence of a disorder will be very helpful in group work. Coping has been examined in many ways to aid in the process of understanding how individuals respond to trauma and stress. Brand and Alexander (2003) state there are two types of coping strategies: emotionfocused coping, and problem-focused active coping. Becoming more aware of both of these style of coping will greatly influence effectiveness of group work. Emotion focused coping is rooted in the individual trying to regulate their emotions in dealing with the abuse, and problem-focused active coping is when individuals engage in behaviors in an attempt to manage the problem situation. An example of problem-focused coping is when an individual tries to manage her stress from the abuse through an eating disorder behavior. While the group facilitator learns more about the group members, behavior such as these may arise in discussion. Other coping methods that have been identified include the coping strategy of avoidance. Previous studies have stated that avoidance may be an initial way to cope with the stress of sexual abuse, but in the long term sense the avoidance strategy may increase future symptoms and cognitive 534 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 understanding the abuse she experienced. Working on forgiveness with group members may aid in the reduction of feelings that cause depression, fear, and anxiety by channeling those feelings and discussing options for positive coping though forgiveness and resiliency. Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Practice Research and information discussed thus far has roots in theory. These theories could lead to a deeper understanding and an enhanced framework for the discussion of incest as well as aid professionals in group work. Attachment theory, symbolic interaction theory, family systems theory, and feminist theory outline the theoretical framework that guides practice with female victims of incest. As mentioned earlier, much of the discussion of incest has its foundation in family systems theory and the significance of relationships family members have ith one another. Alexander and Anderson (1994) note that the family context associated with the abuse often explains more of the long-term effects than the abuse itself. Attachment theory lends itself to this notion by stating that the parent–child relationship is just as important to the child as eating and sleeping. Based on the child’s â€Å"internal working model† of relationships modeled by the parent–child relationship, that model governs how interpersonal relationships are viewed and experienced (Alexander and Anderson 1994). The goal of incorporating an attachment perspective is one of helping the client increase flexibility of though and views in interpersonal relationships beyond the parent– child relationship. This could be especially useful if there have been negative interactions as well as if blaming is occurring. Symbolic interaction theory aids in the exploration of incest by looking at aspects, such as frequency of abuse, degree of self-blame, and family disruption, in relation to how the victim will manifest her self-concept (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Through this theory, how the individual who experienced the abuse views herself is viewed as a social product constructed and developed by the social interactions around that individual. Once again, family relates to this theory and explanation of factors surrounding incest and sexual abuse, but it also reaches beyond to include other important social interactions, such as friends, classmates, etc. Understanding the social constructs present in the victim’s life can create a better understanding of what needs to be dealt with and recognized for effective group therapy to occur. The feminist framework of incest and the victim is centralized around gender and oppression, and the roles that males and females play in society. As discussed earlier, Anderson (2006) speaks of the importance of changing the viewpoint of â€Å"surviving† abuse to overcoming and resisting the abuse through resiliency. This idea of becoming resilient by resisting oppression is focused in categories found to represent resiliency in the face of oppression: being powerless, being silenced, and being isolated. Not only do all three of these aspects describe how an incest victim feels, but Anderson (2006) also argues that they correlate with oppressive resiliency. Introducing this idea of not being an incest ‘survivor’, but being a resilient person with qualities to be proud of, seems much more empowering, and is a great representation of an example of how feminist theory can be applied to group work with victims of incest. Moving past sentiments of oppressed within one’s feelings as well as within society due to one’s gender can be helpful for the victim, especially within a group setting. People can often find strength in numbers, and if other members are making the same conclusions about their lives and their experiences, positive progression can occur. Kreidler and England (1990) make an important point: â€Å"Because incest isolates victims and encourages feelings of guilt, incrimination, and shame, group experiences allow survivors to build self esteem and develop relationships in a protected environment†. Through this, the group process fosters autonomy and a sense of control in its members. Group Model Group therapy for adult female victims of sibling abuse can be approached in many ways. Group facilitators must be able to assist their clients in making sense of their trauma and work through negative emotions, as well as to teach group members healthy and adaptive coping strategies (Wanlass et al. 2006). The basics of group work will be rooted in helping group members work through their experiences while processing their emotions. Through this, connections will often be made with other members based on the shared experience of brother–sister incest. Focus should not only be on the present, but the victim should be able to make connections to the abuse and how her life has been affected. Victims of sibling incest have lifelong problems in many areas including marriage, work, and parenting (Phillips-Green 2002). Once group members begin to make those connections, the possibility for positive change may increase. Northen and Kurland (2001) emphasize the importance of thorough and thoughtful planning to the success of group work (p. 109). In order to address the topics and concerns discussed throughout this paper, the intake process should be thorough in detail and always take into account the elements of the brother–sister incest, finding out if force was used, how long the incest occurred, etc. The facilitator in charge of creating the group should be involved in the intake of members, as well as choosing the time and place J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 535 where the group will meet. The length of the group sessions should be considered. Group therapy can be short term or long term, depending on the desired goals of the facilitator and the needs of group members. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) propose a short term group that is centered within re-educating victims about the dynamics of incest. Victims are often unaware of the widespread incidence of sibling incest experiences, and may feel much less alone in their feelings and issues as a result of the abuse. These authors note the sense of empowerment that women feel by telling their story to others who share similar experiences, as vocalizing the abuse sets it â€Å"free† and places it in the open, as well as helps the woman to continually break feelings of secrecy. There can be advantages and disadvantages to short-term and long-term group models. Short-term groups are more effective for creating connections between victims around a shared experience, but due to the severity and seriousness of sibling incest, the author proposes a long-term group specifically for women who have experienced brother– sister incest. Long-term groups offer more of an opportunity to address issues such as sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and other issues such as secrecy, isolation, and suicidal thoughts that victims often carry with them throughout their lives. This long-term group is a 12-week format, with meetings once per week at two hours per session. Depending on the size of the group and the characteristics of members, private individual sessions outside group meetings may also be arranged. Size can vary, but should be limited to 10 women. Northen and Kurland (2001) make the point that the smaller the group, the more demand on members to be fully involved in the group, and then there is more demand for intimacy of relationships (p. 136). Sparks and Goldberg (1994) mention the importance of realizing that many survivors will be suspicious of anyone in the counselor/professional role because they many have felt they experienced further violation and betrayal from any previous treatment. To begin to look at this, it may be helpful to ask women during intake if they have gone to any treatment previously, as well as how they felt about it. The facilitator should be aware of this prior to the first meeting. The facilitator also needs to make group members aware of the time commitment during the intake process, making sure they know that missing sessions is not encouraged. A possible therapy method that can be incorporated in group work is the use of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Abuse (CPT-SA). This treatment is an adaptation by Chard et al. 1997) of Cognitive Processing Therapy for rape victims and is intended to extend treatments for childhood sexual abuse by addressing sexual abuse responses and aspects of the abuse (Chard 2005). This 17week therapy method combines the use of individual and group therapy to maximize positive results by utilizing the benefits of group work as well as giving group members individual attention throughout the group process. Alt hough this method is not discussed at length in this paper, it may be useful to examine facets of CPT-SA for possible incorporation in group work with incest victims. The goals, strategies, and topics included in treatment will vary from therapist to therapist; and the goals and topics included in therapy typically reflect the therapists’ own assumptions of the impact of child sexual abuse (Beutler et al. 1994). This author suggests topics that should be addressed in the group are: emotions and feelings, sexuality, family history, effects of disclosure, power/feeling of powerlessness, secrecy, relationship with the offender, relationship with family members, current coping skills, and options for positive change for the future. These can be modified week to week. There really is no way to run a group in a step-bystep manner, as the group process is unique in itself as it takes shape and changes course all on its own. Topics can be presented to the group if there seems to be a lack of conversation or comfort with one another, but once the group members get to know one another topics and discussions will take shape and find their way into discussions even if there isn’t a definite â€Å"plan† for the group that day. For the use of an example, a basic proposed model for group may include: Week 1: Learning about each other What brings you here? Tell us about yourself. How do you feel about being here? Activities may be used to â€Å"break the ice†, writing exercises, etc. Week 2 & 3: The Family and Disclosure What is your relationship with your family like? Discuss dynamics of the family. What happened when you told about your abuse? Blaming may be discussed here. Week 4 & 5: Relationship with your brother Relationship changes, start and end of abuse, where the perpetrator is, how that makes you feel. Week 6 & 7: Depression, guilt, anger, sexual promiscuity. What are you dealing with now? How has the abuse effected you long term? How have you changed? Week 8 & 9: Coping strategies, positive outlets, self esteem, strength, resilience Week 10, 11, & 12: Reflection and growth, closure and celebration The topics included in this example will likely blend and flow from week to week, and should not serve as a rigid foundation for group. Through these suggestions, the facilitator can help the abused woman feel that her sense of victimization is valid, she can help the victim remove 536 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 self blame, and identify change patterns of self-abuse and self-degradation to promote growth and a higher selfesteem (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). Given the unique relationship that siblings share, this relationship may become a backdrop to the group process, as well as the family relationships that connect within the sibling subgroup. It is likely that these relationships will go through an on-going assessment and re-definition as group members discover more about themselves in regard to their behaviors, feelings, and relationships with others. Although topics outlined in the example could be introduced to the group for discussion, most of these topics will likely come up due to the nature of the experience and the common aspects that are seen frequently in sibling abused women. The author suggests that the group should be allowed to take their session in the direction they want it to go. To exemplify the power of each group member’s story, it is proposed that letting the group decide what they would like to discuss proves most effective. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) state that the group becomes a forum for humor and creativity as members take advantage of the unique opportunity to express what can not be expressed until someone who can appreciate it is willing to hear it. This creativity of the members should not be underestimated, and every moment of that process should be an empowering reminder for the group members. Most of the literature argues that the group facilitator(s) should be female. The possibility for a co-facilitator should be considered, depending on the size of the group. If the group is small, only one facilitator is needed. The facilitator (s) should have some knowledge and/or experience in crisis and group work. Age should also be taken into consideration. Group members should be 18 years of age and older, as this group is restricted to adult female victims. Commonality and shared experience are extremely important to the success of this group process, and grouping members based on age range will be helpful for members to relate to each other on more levels than one. During the intake process, the facilitator should attempt to arrange the groups based on what they conclude to be the most effective combination of members based on what was discussed with members prior to the initial meeting. The option for diversity should not be ignored, but O’Hare and Taylor (1983) make the important point that the group composition should always be considered in relation to making sure one person in the group does not stand out; for example, one African American woman, one lesbian woman, etc. Once again, thoughtful design of the group cannot be ignored. Group closure may include a celebration of connections and alliances made within the group. The format of closure and celebration should largely be decided by group members. Conclusion Group work with victims of sibling incest can be complex and challenging. It is clear that many factors influence the victim’s life other than the actual abuse. Family dynamics and overall relationships at the time of the abuse and disclosure prove to be extremely important in determining the entire picture of the victim. Once the facilitator becomes more educated about the details of incest and what to expect from group members, she will be able to design the group in the most effective manner. With the help of shared experience and shared knowledge, group members will find connections with one another that will maximize their growth and value of the group therapy experience. References Alexander, P. C. , & Anderson, C. L. (1994). An attachment approach to psychotherapy with the incest survivor. 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Introduction to Conflict Resolution Essay

â€Å"Conflict is one of the drivers for improved team performance. Managed well, conflict can lead to better decisions, more creative ideas and higher quality output from the team. Managed badly, it can stop teamwork and hinder individuals from achieving their personal goals. † (Conflict Resolution: For Team Members (n. d. ) taken from TeamTechnology. co. uk http://www. teamtechnology. com. uk/conflictresolution. html) The assignment presents a situation in which a conflict occurred and what happened. Also, the assignment discusses on what should have been done and which was the wronged party. The conflict presented is between the two groups of the recruits that are undergoing training in the VP-92 navy P-3 squadron. The recruits were divided into two groups for a mock target attack mission: one was responsible for identification of the targets and informing the other group about the location of the targets and the second group was supposed to strike the targets. The problem arose when the area surrounding the vessel was foggy and the targets could not be identified clearly by the first group. Hence, the second group, whose performance was dependent on the first group, could not aim and shoot the targets. This was followed by an argument and a ‘conflict’ between the two groups which was resolved by the officers. Then the writer says which side he would have chosen and why and what actions he would have taken. The conflict, however small it was, was genuine and both the parties were justified and neither one is to be blamed. Title: Introduction to Conflict Resolution Part I – The Organization The organisation that is to be discussed below is VP-92. It is navy P-3 Squadron where the navy conducts its operations. The navy also provides training to its new recruits. â€Å"A Navy is the branch of a country’s military forces principally designated for naval warfare, namely lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It includes operations conducted by surface vessels (ships), submarine vessels, and seaborne aviation, as well as ancillary support, communications, training, and other fields; recent developments have included space-related operations. â€Å" (en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Navy) Part II – The Conflict The conflict at VP-92 was between two groups of the marine crew at an assignment of mock target attack mission. One group, consisting of five crew-members, was responsible for identifying targets to be hit, while the other group, also consisting of five crew men, was responsible for hitting the targets in the assigned target areas to them. The conflict arose when the group that was supposed to identify targets could not identify the targets to be hit on time due to the fog and mist that was blurring their visibility and making it hard for them to locate their targets. As the targets could not be identified on time, the group that was supposed to strike the targets could not perform their duties on time. As a result a conflict arose between the two groups. Basically the ‘striker’s work depended on the ‘identifiers’ and the second group could not perform well because ‘identifiers’ had a problem with identifying the targets. The ‘strikers’ could not rightly strike their targets and their aim was wrong and not rightly focused. Hence, they put all the blame of their bad performance on the first group. Part III – Choose a Side I choose to be on the side of the group that could not properly identify their targets due to the bad weather and the mist that was blurring their view and became a hindrance to performing well. How Was it Managed? The group that was supposed to identify the targets in the mock target attack mission, informed the other group about the weather situation. However, when they persisted that targets should be identified, the assignment was not called off. The ‘ identifiers’ were asked to continue with their searching, which they did but spent a lot of time due to the lack of clarity of vision causes by fog. However, when the ‘strikers’ could not rightly strike their targets, they blamed the ‘identifiers’ for wrongly identifying their targets and also spending a lot of time on searching for targets. I think the conflict was very much genuine and there were no personal reasons for this conflict. The conflict was substantive because the group that was supposed to locate the targets to be struck could not be identified due to external factors such as the weather. Another reason may also have been the location of the ship where the fog was more and the targets were not visible. There was no negative impact on the goal attainment of the organisation or even the personal/ working relationships between the two groups. Since this was a mock assignment that’s aim was to train the new recruits in the navy to properly identify and aim their targets. In my view, the weather condition provided a flavor of the real target attack missions faced by the navy. The goal of this assignment would have been achieved if both the groups became experts in their tasks in variable whether conditions. However, expertise comes with practice and experience. Hence, I think this assignment and conflict was the first step towards attaining the goal. Even though this conflict arose out of a blame game for the two groups, one blaming the weather and the other blaming the first group, the argument was purely professional and not personal. There was a heated debate between the two groups, but this ended when the officers arrived after few minutes to give their remarks. After both the groups had presented their points of view to the officers, they were told that it was a part of the navy life and the navy assignments and no particular group was to be blamed for the failure to aim the target properly. Hence, this argument did not produce any hard feelings between the groups.

Poverty in Appalachia Essay

The people of the Appalachian Mountains have been impoverished for years. They are all settling for a lot less then they should be. Most people in the mountains see that their parents did not graduate from high school so they feel that they don’t need to. They see their families struggling with paying bills so they feel like they should not finish school and help out by getting a low paying job and settling with working at Burger King or Walmart. They lack motivation to strive for excellence and overcome the obstacles of living in the mountains and maybe someday moving out. One of the major problems of the majority of the people who reside in the mountains is drug addiction. Families are broken up by drug addictions. It is an epidemic throughout the mountain. There are more drug busts in the mountain then in any major city such as Los Angeles or New York. This is another reason that people are very poor; they spend all their money on drugs and not enough for the bills, food, or water. One main job that a lot of people have in the mountains is working in the coalmines. Working in the coalmines pays a starting salary of $60,000, but is very dangerous. Coalmining can destroy your lungs and if there is an accident in the mines, you can be stuck down there for days at a time. In the Appalachian Mountains, they have about 100 open jobs for coalminers. The only problem is that either nobody wants to work in the mines, or they cannot pass the required drug test to get the job. The Appalachian Mountains is a place where there is much poverty and hardship. It is a town where many people do not finish high school and there is an excessive drug problem. Although it is a place of all these hardships, it is also a place where families stick together and help each other out when times get rough.

Aggument for early childhood education socio-emotional support Essay

Aggument for early childhood education socio-emotional support - Essay Example Each preschool has its own ideas about how to provide care for young children, and its own approach to what resources to provide, what rules should be in place, what curriculum is best, how to measure success and, especially, what it means to support children’s development. That area is in preschool support of social and emotional development. It is critical that the preschool child develop social and emotional development skills, and one of the best ways to do so is in imaginative play. Therefore, this paper argues that preschool teachers must learn how to support young children’s socio-emotional development in imaginative play. There are some basic socio-emotional skills that need to be mastered prior to entering kindergarten. If these skills are not acquired, the child experiences difficulty with school lessons and school experience in more advanced grades. These skills are said to include: Identify and Understand Own Feelings Empathize (understand other peopleâ€⠄¢s feelings) Self- Regulate (control own feelings, moods and behaviors) Cooperate (get along with peers and teachers for group activities) Establish and Sustain Relationships Pay Attention and Follow Directions (Boyd, 2005) These skills build on each other and even activate maturation of the brain (Ginsburg, 2007). For example, self-regulation requires proper pre-frontal cortex development. At the same time, development and maturation of the pre-frontal cortex is improved through practicing self-regulation. ... argument I want to make, in this paper: that if preschool teachers do not support children in practicing socio-emotional skills, the child’s brain is likely going to be warped in a way that can be permanent, a case of bad teaching causing brain damage. This damage to the developing child’s capacity may go unnoticed at first, but becomes increasingly serious as time goes on. In fact, research indicates that children who fail to develop normal socio-emotional skills are at much higher risk for continued classroom misbehavior, peer rejection, low self-esteem, juvenile delinquency, and eventually a downward spiral into crime (Wenner, 2009). This costs the child a loss of their potential, and it costs society a lot of money and fear and loss. This tragedy is widespread. Kindergarten teachers’ ratings indicate that 20-30% of kindergarten children lack social-emotional skills (Boyd, 2005). The biggest tragedy is that it is easily preventable! One of the most important w ays that a child can develop the necessary socio-emotional skills is through imaginative play (Barbour, 2007; Ginsburg, 2007). Imaginative play allows the child to develop both cognitive and socio-emotional skills. The child can practice skills, in safety, that have been slightly introduced earlier. For example, the child may have observed adults shaking hands in greeting, demonstrating politeness. The child may be intrigued by this social ritual but feel too shy to try it, in case of embarrassment. Imaginative play allows the child to create a situation within a personal comfort zone, in which that skill can be practiced. In terms of self-regulation, as another example, the child may have experienced a recent situation that aroused feels of intense anger at a sibling. The child understands that it is not

Describing two works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describing two works of art - Essay Example The picture itself is revealing almost all striking colors that catch the eye of the viewers. I think the artist has successfully conveyed the message that one should live a life full of joy in order to be happy, as well as to spread happiness among others. Poppy Fields by Zhang Huan is one of the most attractive artworks of recent times. The artwork features a wide range of colors on an oil-on-linen painting. If we look at Poppy Field No. 5 by some distance, four main colors catch the eye, which include teal, pink, lilac, and faded red. The artwork looks like as an abstract art if we look at it from some distance. However, from a closer look, tiny faces and skulls become visible. The meaning of the artwork as expressed by the artist is birth, illness, senility, and death of humans. I personally think that the meaning being conveyed through this artwork as described by the artist does not appear in the mind of every viewer. For example, to me it looks like conveying that every person in the world has a different internal color which becomes evident with the display of different

Role of E-Commerce in Todays Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Role of E-Commerce in Todays Business - Essay Example In the past few years, we have seen a large number of developments in all the areas of life. These rapid developments and advancements in the field of information and communication technologies (ICTs) have provided considerable support for the establishment of an arrangement of organizations that divide with the larger suppliers and producers the tasks of product and service planning, design, suppliers’ and retailers’ communications, production, goods delivery and packaging, customer advertisement and marketing, and a number of other tasks that were in the past were disconnected, otherwise, concerted in a particular large firm (Scavarda et al., 2001; Tremblay, 1998). The majority of business organizations perceive electronic commerce as application of the Internet or the electronic platforms as a platform to sell and promote products, services and goods to the customers. However, this constricted description of the e-commerce only describes the Internet based commerce. In actual point of fact, e-commerce contains a wide variety of other aspects as well. In this scenario, e-commerce can be defined as the electronic transactions for trading information, products, services, goods and payments along with additional processes such as the development and protection of Web-based associations. In this scenario, it can be said that electronic commerce encompasses a number of attributes and entities and it is not limited to only some entities such as the Internet, extranets, intranets, electronic data interchange (EDI), and various others.

Marketing Communication Manager for Local Chain of Fast-food Assignment

Marketing Communication Manager for Local Chain of Fast-food - Assignment Example The market, contribution, and limitation of competitors are central to competitor analysis (Sekhar 2010 p.67). And it is a systematic review of competitor’s activities for gaining competitive advantage (Harris 2009 p.24). KFC remains the most important challenge for the Burger Hut. KFC has spread across the world and has largely been able to open various branches and franchises in almost all countries, including in the mainland China. Furthermore, it has been observed that the KFC has largely been to retain its current market share in China. And its current market share and market position have largely been supported by various factors. KFC has a strong brand image. Brand and quality are two words that are mostly used interchangeably. And when this is applied to KFC, it can be easily extracted that they collectively represent KFC’s image in the minds of its customer. It is relevant to highlight that it is the prime contribution of KFC brand image that has enabled the company to retain its market share in China and in other countries where it is currently operating. It would not be incorrect to say that effective marketing strategy has also played its role in making the KFC brand image more competitive and unique as well. The KFC has adopted different marketing strategy in which it gives more importance to all those methods which enable the company to penetrate the different markets. For example, in some countries, the KFC has opened up its branches and in other countries; it has issued the franchise ownership to the local investors.

Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example ether to tell the vice president about the revolving condition he feel blame worth for not seeing the problem at much earlier date which could have helped to counter the problem at an earlier date. Though it shall be a sign of incapability Tim should take the obligation and take the issue to the vice president of the company for more help. Tim should wait for the right material to be availed to the company so that he can start the manufacturing here he should assume no deadline exist within the order. Through diverting other resources to the said venture it becomes possible to have the supply in shortest time possible (Graham, 2008). In the case where Tim calls Arnold and he says that it’s his duty to take care of things Tim should weigh option he has at hand, Tim should use the old components instead of new ones. He shall have something to deliver though it’s not fair to the customers its just having in mind on the urgency of the situation Tim should be bold enough to call the customers end explain to them that due to unforeseen machine supply shortage, they should expect a slight delay. After the agreement is reached between him and the customers, to avoid the impurities that would have been there if the work was done on much higher speed, Tim should instruct the process to be done with the appropriate speed to eliminate impurities (Wallace, 1998). In the case where Arnold learns that Tim substituted the old components he should explain that it was an unintentional negligence which did arise due to shortage in machine supply, additionally the customer was very clear on the time factor which was a must to be meet. Tim should say that he has taken matters to have periodic inspections to avoid such future happenings. Tim should be ready to take the blame of giving the wrong materials without consulting others; he should argue that he is not morally responsible for it was not his fault that the machine failed to work since if it would have worked he would

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategic Management - Case Study Example This novel concept prioritizes removing the distinction between the categorization of businesses for profit from those which are essentially for benevolent purposes. This posits that for a company to have a competitive edge, it does not mean that it should lose grasp of social issues that prevail within the community. Rather than having substantial social functions as a distinct aspect of a corporation, shared value envisions a business enterprise that is founded upon it. The company’s productivity has a direct connection with social issues which affects effectiveness. This mandates a need to invest in factors which have the strongest link to company productivity that include: environmental impact, supplier access and viability, employee skills, worker safety, employee health, water use, and energy (Kramer and Porter 8). This is differentiated from corporate social responsibility (CSR) since CSV is not merely a reactionary measure of a corporation which is optional on its part. The CSR functions of business is usually an adjunct of the business which exists separate from its corporate goals and implemented as a manner of goodwill to improve its reputation. On the other hand, CSV is founded on its own economic worth wherein social value is inherently a part of it. This is a direct deviation from capitalism where big business is equivalent to big profit. In this regard, it is not uncommon to ascribe the characteristic of a dog-eat-dog scenario in the name of profit to the prejudice of social and environmental concerns. The article dubs this as the new standard that veers away from capitalism which has acquired a notion of distrust. What Kramer and Porter propose is an innovative change that will ultimately redefine business. The paper provides examples such as WaterHealth International which provides clean and inexpensive water to people in some parts of the Philippines, India and Ghana, Revolution Foods which provide healthy meals to

The Arab Spring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Arab Spring - Essay Example The Arab Spring Freedom that if we do in other countries could either send us to jail or even killed. Yet we take it as an entitlement, something like a birthright. Not so long ago, there was a movement or uprising called The Arab Spring in the Middle East. We all saw it on TV, internet, newspapers and other forms of media but never really cared about. It was a movement of citizens to rise against their governments to have freedom and democracy so that their lives will become better. We may not realize it, but the freedom that our forefathers fought with blood, sweat and tears is not currently enjoyed by many people in other countries. Today, even as this paper is written, there are still a lot of people struggling and fighting for freedom. In the country of Syria, there is now a civil war going on where people have to fight, suffer and die by the thousands, sometimes brutally, just to have freedom. It started in the exercise of freedom that we take granted – protesting and speaking against t he government. While this exercise of freedom is taken very casually here in the United states, that exercise of freedom in Syria was fired upon by the government forces where innocent civilians died. There are still a lot of countries where people do not have the freedom to speak against or criticize their governments. It may be a cliche to mention but its truism never fades no matter how many it is repeated – that we will never know the true value of freedom until it is taken away from us.

Modern Day Muscian Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Modern Day Muscian - Research Paper Example Music was affected with romantic revolution that swept the literature world (Blanchard & Acree, 183). The two artists worked exceptionally hard and extensively improved music industry. There were significant similarities and divergences on the historical period between Beethoven’s and Lennon’s music careers. The two artists existed in dissimilar centuries and historical periods. Beethoven began his musical career earlier than Lennon did, virtually because he was born before him. They lived in dissimilar societal settings that subsisted differently. At that epoch, man was inventing new ideas that would ease work. The development was also evidenced in the music world when Beethoven came up with nine symphonies and five piano concertos (Blanchard & Acree, 183). He majorly concentrated on romantic songs and composed orthodox music that influenced the appreciation of love songs. He influenced the populace to love and appreciate songs that pass indispensable message of romance to the masses. Conversely, Lennon came to existence much earlier in the twentieth century. The music world had experienced much of improvement since Beethoven passed away. Lennon came up with the rock style of music and was occupied in songwriting partnership that distorted the music panorama globally (Makela, 225). The historical period in which they existed was dissimilar from each other, and consequently prejudiced their compositions. The comparison that existed between Beethoven’s works of art and the historical period was that both composed songs that were sung using similar instruments. The piano was the main instrument used by two parties to make song enjoyable and fascinating to the public. The similarity that existed between Lennon’s works of art and historical period was that the songs passed the message of peace to public (Makela, 117). He also performed in groups which was a common thing done in the historical period. Another similarity was the instruments he used were

A view from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the Bridge Essay In these two works the authors invite us to look closely at a womans place in society. In this essay I am going to look at and discuss the ways in which they present the views of women and the expectations of the society in which they live. The reason why I have chosen to compare these two pieces of work is that they both have a similar message to put across. The message is about a womans place and where it should be. Both of the books put women in a lower social standing to men. The pieces of work are not written in the same form but what ever form the writing takes we will be able to find similarities in the message the writers want to express. The writers have a very similar theme but they chose different ways to express it. In A view from a bridge Arthur Miller shows Beatrices struggle with Eddie to let Catherine, their niece, become independent. In The Sons Veto Thomas Hardy shows the control of a son over his mother, Sophy and her inability to do anything to pursue her feelings towards Sam, a man of lower social standing. The two main female characters in Arthur Millers A view from a bridge are Beatrice and Catherine. At the start of the book Catherine and Beatrice both have a deep respect and love for Eddie. The only way that their relationships are different is in the nature of their dependence. Beatrice is Eddies wife and is dependent on him for her living, whereas Catherine is Eddies niece and is only being looked after since both of her parents died when she was young. Eddie is looking after her and paying for her whilst she is growing up and going through education until she is independent. At this point Eddie has control over Beatrice and Catherine but as the story progresses, and with the introduction of Rodolfo, Catherine begins to loose her respect for Eddie and consequently Eddie begins to loose his control over her. Catherine and Beatrice have a large enough age gap to have slightly different social standings. Beatrice is of an era when women were only given basic education, and then were expected to do manual work or raise a family and become a housewife whilst the husband provided for all of the needs of the family. Catherines generation was slightly different in that they were more likely to go on to further education and then work. This may not have included the highly skilled jobs, such as doctors, but at least they were not so completely dependant on a husband. Beatrice seems a little wiser than Catherine in the way that she can see through Eddie and can guess what he is thinking. She can see what is going to happen but she is so naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve as to believe she can change the outcome. Catherine believes that Beatrice is bitter in the way that she is trying to get Catherine to see Eddies true intentions. Catherine cannot understand why Beatrice is disrespectful towards Eddie, the man of the house. Sophy, in the story The Sons Veto, has a very different living status. She is dependant on her dead husbands will, but in a similar way to Beatrice who answers to and obeys Eddie, Sophy obeys her son. However, Sophy cant see that the only reason why her son wants her to stay with their family and not to remarry because, if she did leave to marry another man it, would ruin his reputation and his social standing. The other way in which I think that Sophy, Beatrice and Catherine are similar is that all three come from a working class background. Sophy worked in a vicarage as a maid and Catherine and Beatrices livelihood came from Eddie working on the docks. The nineteenth century woman is Sophy in Thomas Hardys The Sons Veto. In this time there were a lot of things that women werent aloud to do. Some of them were written laws and some social laws, there were things that the lady just wasnt seen to do, wasnt befitting to a lady. This is displayed in the story after Sophy has been widowed and is talking about remarrying. She is thinking of remarrying to a grocery store owner called Sam. This was unacceptable, as she would be marrying down a class. This was not normal to that time, where there were very clear barriers between social classes. Her son hoped his step father would be a gentleman. This is what he believed and it meant a lot to him. He made his feelings very clear when he said I am ashamed of you! It will ruin me! A miserable bore! A churl! A clown! It will degrade me in the eyes of all the gentleman of England! Because Sophy didnt have her sons blessing she could not leave. He had control of all the finances that her late husband left to them to live on. It is a different situation for the woman in A view from the bridge, Catherine and Beatrice. At that time there was an organisation called NOW. This movement was oppressed by the male dominated social structure as a whole, which they saw as pervaded by sexism, despite legal concession towards equality of the sexes. In this period the womens movement had been critical of the use of women as sex objects in advertising, and had also opposed their indoctrination into passive and accommodating roles within the family and society in general. I believe that Beatrice is too old and set in her ways to get deeply involved in womens rights. She understands that women should have equal rights but takes the easy option and accepts where she is and what she is. This is why Beatrice and Sophy are similar because they both only had little or no education and now rely completely on their husband funds. All they have to do in return is to keep a clean house, cook and raise the children. Eddie and Beatrice dont have any children of their own but they have raised their niece Catherine as their own. Catherine is different to Sophy in that she has had a full education and will become financially independent. Sophy was expected to present herself as a lady whenever she was to be in the public eye. Sophy was also expected to do chores and raise children whilst they were home from boarding school. This was all that was expected of a woman of her time. Beatrice was also expected to dress smartly and conservatively. Catherine was a modern girl and dressed to impress. She was well educated and so was less dependant on getting a husband before her good looks left her. But there was still the male dominance that had some control over her. Catherine, I dont want to be a pest, but Im telling you youre walking wavy. Listen, you been giving me the willies the way you walk down the street, I mean it. This shows the male dominance over protecting his woman.

Compensation techniques for 50 Gbps Duobinary System

Compensation techniques for 50 Gbps Duobinary System Pre, Post and Mix Compensation techniques for 50 Gbps Duobinary System Rupinder Kaur, Sanjeev Dewra Abstract: In this paper, the performance of duobinary system is analyzed by using different dispersion compensation techniques. The dispersion compensation techniques tested are Pre Compensation, Post Compensation and Mix Compensation. These techniques are applied to duobinary system, which operates at a bit rate of 50 Gbps. It is found that for 50 Gbps system, Mix Compensation technique shows better performance matrices like quality factor (i.e. 7.54 at 25 km)and bit error rate (i.e. 7.52e-15 at 25 km) as compared to other techniques. Keywords: Mach-Zender Intensity Modulator (MZIM), Single Mode Fiber (SMF), Q-factor, Bit Error Rate (BER), Low Pass Filter (LPF) Introduction For higher data rates, research in optical communications is being constantly driven by requirements. At a minimum bandwidth cost, Fiber Optics has reorganized the data communication technology by examining the limits of high speed network accessibility for the end users [1]. In high speed optical communication system duobinary modulation is a valuable solution that provides the better spectral efficiency and minimizes the performance degradation due to the nonlinear effects and dispersion [2–4]. Due to the promptly growing capacity requirements for long distance transmission, fiber optic communications are advancing into higher bit rate enabled [5]. To increase the capacity of system and to reduce the performance degradation caused by transmission impairments, systematic investigation is essential [6]. Duobinary formats are known for their high tolerance to residual chromatic dispersion and low spectral occupancy [7]. These features make them very attractive for both high spe ctral efficiency and high data rate. For high speed systems, Duobinary signaling has become an essential transmission format as the broadband networks and the bandwidth requirement has increased. By selecting suitable pulse shaping, the selection of optical modulation format has become an essential standard in any high speed link design. This optical signal pre-distortion based pulse shaping increases the dispersion tolerance related performances considerably [8, 9]. In long distance transmission systems, Fiber chromatic dispersion is one of the most severe limiting factor. If the fiber transmission length exceeds several tens of kilometers, dispersion effect can cause intolerable amounts of distortions that ultimately lead to errors. Therefore it is necessary to use dispersion compensation devices such as dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) [10, 11] to overcome dispersion effect and consequently decrease the nonlinear distortion. In this study, we propose three DCF compensation scheme, pre-compensation and post-compensation scheme. Simulation studies show that mix compensation scheme is the best. It can greatly reduce the influences of the fiber nonlinearity and increase the transmission distance greatly System Setup Duobinary Transmitter is designed with laser diodes, filters, modulators and all components which are essential to build an optical network. This simulation is carried out to observe the comparative study with various compensation techniques in the presence of chromatic dispersion. Duobinary signal is launched over DCF SMF spans of 5 km and 25 km each for post, pre and symmetric compensation schemes. Duobinary modulation is achieved by driving an external Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator. MZIM has three inputs, one for laser diode and other for data from the channels. It converts the electrical signal into optical signal. On the receiver side the output of the Lorentzian optical filter a photodiode converts the optical signal into an electrical signal an electrical low pass Bessel filter follows the PIN photodiode. This has a cut-off frequency 193.41449 THz. Finally at the output of the low pass filter visualization tool called Scope, BER estimation Q meter. It is an optical or elect rical oscilloscope with numerous data processing options, eye display and BER estimation features. The system setup of 50 Gbps duobinary transmission with pre, post and symmetric compensation techniques is as shown in figure below. Fig. 1 Duobinary system with Post Compensation technique Fig. 2 Duobinary system with Pre Compensation technique Fig. 3 Duobinary system with Mix Compensation technique Pre-compensation scheme achieve dispersion compensation by place the DCF before a certain conventional single-mode fiber, or after the optical transmitter. Post -compensation scheme achieve dispersion compensation by place the DCF after a certain conventional single-mode fiber, or before the optical transmitter. Mix compensation scheme is consist of post-compensation and pre-compensation Result and Discussion To evaluate the performance of 50 Gbps duobinary system several measurements for Pre, Post and Symmetric compensation techniques were taken. The quality factor versus transmission distance is as shown in Fig.4. The graph shows that the performance of pre, post and mix compensation is compared by varying the distance from 5 to 30 km. Fig.4 Quality Factor vs Transmission distance Fig.4 depicts quality factor versus transmission distance graph. It is observed that by increasing the transmission distance from 5 to 30 km, Quality factor is decreasing. The variation in Q factor is 22.26 to 5.67 for mix compensation, 19.47 to 4.84 for post compensation and 14.04 to 4.69 for pre compensation. It is observed that maximum quality factor is shown from mix compensation technique i.e. 7.54 (at 25 km transmission distance) as compared to post and pre compensation techniques which is 6.33 and 6.12 respectively. Fig.5 Bit error rate vs Transmission distance Fig. 5 shows the transmission distance vs bit error rate graph. The variation in BER from different compensation techniques is 4.05e-72 to 8.20e-8 for mix compensation, 4.61e-58 to 6.57e-7 for post compensation and 4.50e-45 to 4.48e-5 for pre compensation. This simulation result shows that at 25 km transmission distance, the minimum bit error rate value is obtained by mix compensation technique which is 7.52e-15 whereas the bit error rate value for post and pre compensation technique is 3.04e-13 and 1.75e-10 respectively. Fig. 6 Quality Factor vs Input Power Fig. 6 display the influence of signal input power on the performance of duobinary system. From the graph, we can find that as the signal input power increases, quality factor increases upto certain limit, after which it starts falling. This can be understood from the fact that for low powers, the performance of system improves with the increase in input power. However, at higher powers, the wavelengths tend to overlap each other causing more dominance of non-linear effects and thus reduce the quality factor. From the graph it also concluded that the quality factor of mix compensation is greater than the other two kind of compensation techniques. Conclusion In this paper, we investigate the behavior of Pre, Post and Mix compensation techniques on the basis of quality factor and bit error rate at 50 Gbps system and conclude which compensation technique perform better. From the comparative performance analysis for different compensation techniques, it is found that mix compensation is better than pre and post compensation techniques for long haul communication system. It may also be concluded that for lower laser input power, quality factor is better for all compensation techniques. References X. Zheng, F. Liu, and P. Jeppesen, â€Å"Receiver optimization for 40-Gb/s optical duobinary signal,† IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol.13, pp.744–746, July 2001. Yogesh Chabra, R.S.Kaler,†comparison of various compensation techniques at high bit rates using CSRZ formats,† Optik (Stuttg),121(9), 813–817, 2010. Dewra, Sanjeev, and R. S. Kaler. Performance evaluation of an optical network based on optical cross add drop multiplexer†,Journal of Optical Technology, 2013, pp. 502-505. Barnoski, Michael, ed. â€Å"Fundamentals of optical fiber communications†, Elsevier, pp. 109-133, 2012. S. L. Jansen, G.-D. Khoe, H. de Waardt, S. Spalter, C. J. Weiske, A. Schopflin, S. J. Field, H. E. Escobar, and M. H. Sher, â€Å"Mixed data rate and format transmission (40 Gb/s NRZ, 40 Gb/s duobinary, 10 Gb/s NRZ) using mid-link spectral inversion,† Opt. Lett., vol. 29, no. 20, pp. 2348–2350, Oct. 2004. W. Kaiser, M. Wichers, T. Wuth, W. Rosenkranz, C. Scheerer, C. Glingener, A. Farbert, J.-P. Elbers, G. Fischer, â€Å"SPM-Limit of duobinary transmission†, pp. 22-28, Sept. 2000. Debabrata Sikdar, Vinita Tiwari, Yajnaseni Saha, V.K. Chaubey, â€Å"Investigation of modulator chirp and extinction ratio in different RZ- and NRZ duobinary transmitter modules for performance optimization†, vol. 124, no.13, July 2013, pp. 1411–1414. K. Yang, S. Ou, K. Guild, H.-H. Chen, â€Å"Convergence of Ethernet PON and IEEE 802.16 broadband access networks and Its QoS-aware dynamic bandwidth allocation` Scheme†, IEEE J. Select Areas Commun. 27, 2009, pp. 101–116. H. Kim and C. X. Yu, â€Å"Optical duobinary transmission system featuring improved receiver sensitivity and reduced optical bandwidth,† IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1205–1207, Aug. 2002. Debabrata Sikdar, Vinita Tiwari, V.K. Chaubey, â€Å"Optimized transmitter module for NRZ-duobinary in long-haul optical transmission link†, vol. 124, no. 17, September 2013, pp. 2597–2601. P. Pecci, S. Lanne, Y. Frignac, J. C. Antona, G. Charlet, and S. Bigo, â€Å"Tolerance to Dispersion compensation parameters of six modulation formats in systems operating at 43 Gb/s,† in Proc. Eur. Conf. Optical Communication, Rimini, Italy, 2003, pp. 528–529.

Effect Of Temperature On Plasma Membrane Red Cabbage

Effect Of Temperature On Plasma Membrane Red Cabbage The major model associated with this experiment is the fluid plasma membrane structure. It is a phospholipid bilayer, where has hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (non-polar) tail (Pickering, 2000). As non-polar tail does not dissolve in water, that structure controls the function, by making a barrier between two aqueous environments and selectively controlling the materials movement into or out of the membrane. Pickering (2000) said that due to the different solubility properties of the two side of phospholipid, large molecules and aqueous containing ions can not pass the membrane freely. Small and uncharged molecules, like water and oxygen, can go across by passive diffusion. Diffusion is an automatic and passive process where molecules and ions dissolved in water move randomly from high concentration region to lower one and no energy is required. Fluidity is another essential property of a membrane, lipid composition includes unsaturated fatty acids and participates in incre asing membrane fluidity. Proteins makes up a massive proportion of the membrane approximately exceeds 50% (Raven Johnson, 2008a). proteins are primarily employed for the materials movement control. Protein channels and carrier proteins are favorable for ions and large molecules transportation, particularly, from low concentration to higher one against gradient. In addition, denaturation will happen to protein if the environmental temperature increases to a high degree (Raven Johnson, 2008b). The change of unfolded structure and distortion can ensue. All of the properties of the plasma membrane will determine results of this experiment. The main pigment of red cabbage is anthocyanins which makes the body appears purple (IHW, 2003). The pigments are found in the vacuole, which is surrounded by plasma membrane called the toroplast. The membranes have approximately 68% proteins have similar structure to cell membrane and prevent the pigments leaving the cell (Marty Branton, 1980). Method Apparatus 7 test tubes Cork borer Thermometer Small beaker Large beaker Mounted needle Burner Tripod Gauze Sample: red cabbage Procedure Firstly, fresh red cabbage tissues were cut into discs with almost same shape (approximately 3 mm wide) by cork borer. After 42 red cabbage discs were collected, they were washed with water in a small beaker. Then 7 test tubes were labeled 30à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 40à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 70à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and 97à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The same amount of water was added to each tube. Meanwhile a large beaker with about 200cm3 water was heated, using burner, tripod and gauze. A thermometer was used to measure temperature of each tube. 6 red cabbage discs were impaled together on a mounted needle, then put in the large beaker when the water inside reached 60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ (the beaker was preheated to 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™). After 1 minute in the water bath, 6 red cabbage discs were dropped into the test tube labeled 60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ then the tube was removed to a rack. This process was repeated until finishing the tube labeled 97à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. The 4 test tubes were shaken and observed their colour. The discs were left into the tubes until the end of this experiment. Finally, the temperature of water in big beaker was waited to decrease to 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, 40à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and 30à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ successively in order to rework following correct process. Discussing The results are out of expectations that the colour of the solution gets darker as the temperature increases. The observations suggest that the leakage of pigment from the red cabbage was at 70à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, precisely in the range between 60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ and 70à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Afterwards, the leakage continued to 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, however, the colour of solution was not consequently darker. From 30à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ to 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the colour of both samples and solution did not change at all. The plasma membrane under this condition is likely to be functional and available for the control of materials movement. The temperature may sustain the cooperation of all the composition of membrane. As a consequence, there was little noticeable change in the external solution at these temperatures. These result can roughly help to infer that high temperature (may be 65à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™) is likely to denature proteins in membrane structure or to allow pigments (large molecules) to go across uncontrollably. Around this temperature, energy may be given to the plasma membrane, molecules including water molecule consequently collide more actively and strongly. Similarly, lipid becomes more active as energy is added allowing activation energies for active transportation and the whole phospholipid bilayer therefore increases in fluidity. As a result, the rate of materials transportation tends to rise. Proteins within the membrane are also influenced substances. Although they can withstand slightly higher temperature, once they are heated intensely their structure will decomposed to become unfolded and then destroyed (Raven Johnson, 2008b). Since proteins make up a massive proportion of permeable membrane (Marty Branton, 1980), the destruction of them can result in the formation of large holes in the membrane. Therefore, the ruined membrane of the cell and the vacuole can not control materials movement as usual, and begin to leak the anthocyanins pigments from red cabbage to outer environme nt. Actually, its colour is not obviously dark and did not became darker from 70à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ to 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. One crucial factor that may cause this phenomenon may be that the sample were placed in the water for excessive time (an example of not following the instructions carefully) so that the pigments were released during this period. As a consequence, there are not sufficient pigments present in the test tubes. Another possibility is that proteins in the membrane were completely denatured and destroyed; the pigments were therefore totally released at these temperature. Pigments in plant cells seem not to be so temperature sensitive. IHW (2003) said that the colour anthocyanin pigments is changed by different PH. They can sustain under not so high temperature. To evaluate this experiment, a serious mistake is that a half process was wrong and result in waste of time and inaccuracy of following process. Moreover, the time of the practical (about 1 hour) is not sufficient. That may mainly result from that the heating process takes considerably time as the environment sustain the loss of heat. It took at least 15 minutes to heat water from 70à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ to 80à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Therefore, the experiment may be improved if the samples preparation time is shortened that a preheated 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ water bath may be necessary. In addition, the discs should not have left into tubes for long time and the stay time need exact calculation. Conclusion It can be concluded that temperature can have a substantial effect on membrane. Pigments of the samples in aqueous were released without control from the phospholipid bilayer. Higher temperature seems to increase permeability of membrane. The normal structure of membrane may alter after 60à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, involving protein denaturation.

Colonial Woman and Religion-?Woman and Witchcraft? :: essays research papers

It was at staid Boston that Anne Hutchinson marshaled her forces; it was at peace-loving Salem that the Devil marshaled his witches in a last despairing onslaught against the saints. To many of its readers there seemed to be little or no connection between witchcraft and religion; but an investigation of the facts leading to the death sentence of the various martyrs to superstition at Salem will convince the skeptical that there was a most intimate relationship between the Puritan belief and the theory of witchcraft. Looking back after the passing of more than two hundred years, it was said to believe the bizarre explanation, skilled and thoroughly intelligent folk as the Puritans could have believed in the possession of this evil power. It especially appeared incredibly when it was remembered that here was a people that came to this country for the exercise of religious freedom, a citizenship that descended from men trained in the universities of England, a well-built band that under extreme privation has created an institution within sixteen years after the settlement of wilderness. It was borne in the mind that the Massachusetts colonies were not alone in this belief in witchcraft. It as common throughout the world, and was as aged as humankind. Deprived of the aid of modern science in explaining odd methods and activities, man had long been adapted to fall back upon devils, witches, and evil spirits as premises for his arguments. While the execution of the witch was not so common an event els ewhere in the world, during the Salem period, yet it was unknown among ‘so-called’ open-minded people. In 1712, a woman was burned near London for witchcraft and several city clergymen were among the prosecutors. The religion of Salem and Boston was well fitted for developing this very theory of hateful power in â€Å"possessed† persons. The teachings that there was a personal devil, that God allowed him to tempt mankind, that there were myriads of devils under Satan’s control at all times, ever watchful to trap the innocent, that these devils were rulers over certain territory and certain types of people. These teachings naturally led to the assumption that the goblins chose certain persons as their very own. The constant reminders of the danger of straying from the strait and narrow way, and of the tortures of the afterworld led to self-consciousness, introspection, and morbidness. The idea that Satan was all times seeking to weaken the Puritan church also made it easy to believe that anyone living outside of that church was an agent of the devil or bewitched.

Personal Time Management Essay -- Managing Your Time

What do we know about time management? As adults we should know a lot about time management. We all strive to become the best that we can be. This alone should encourage us to learn about time management. Every aspect of our lives depends on it. If we try to plan, organize, and execute our ideas most of the time we can manage it well, but when we go the other route, and jump out there feet first, most of the time we do not do as well. This is not the case in every light, but usually it is the norm. Even as we sit in class trying to better ourselves by improving on our education, we learn that we must manage time to the best of our abilities. This is not done only for school, but for our families for those of us that have children and spouses. A lot of the time, we manage to get everything done and leave ourselves out in the cold when it comes to making time for ourselves. If it is not our job or school we are trying to meet someone else's needs. Being prepared is a key step in being able to manage time. There are a lot of things that go with being prepared. First, you have to have an idea of what you want to do. Knowing what you are getting into helps a lot because you will be able to focus on specific points that will ensure that you are headed in the right direction of achieving your goal. This sounds pretty easy, but it is a task that a lot of people overlook. You may need material to ensure that you can do your task at hand, so knowing exactly what is going on will definitely help. Getting yourself in a proper place to be able to concentrate and execute what you have in mind is also a very important step. Not having a million and one distraction will allow you to focus and get everything done in a time... ...nd friends. Make sure that during your strategy you set a time out for relaxation, eating and sleeping properly. Another part of strategy is to multi-task, use "the Twofer" concept, for example if you are going to the Laundromat take your homework with you. There are many different parts to time management, such as procrastination, strategy, organization, expectations and being prepared. All of them contribute equally in many ways. All of the things that we have spoken about in this paper are highly recommended. The best thing to do when it comes to time management is to set a strategy, become organized and do your best to avoid procrastination. When you manage your time make sure you include the following; studying, sleeping, eating, relaxing and other necessary things. No matter what our circumstances are, we can all use some time management skills in our lives. Personal Time Management Essay -- Managing Your Time What do we know about time management? As adults we should know a lot about time management. We all strive to become the best that we can be. This alone should encourage us to learn about time management. Every aspect of our lives depends on it. If we try to plan, organize, and execute our ideas most of the time we can manage it well, but when we go the other route, and jump out there feet first, most of the time we do not do as well. This is not the case in every light, but usually it is the norm. Even as we sit in class trying to better ourselves by improving on our education, we learn that we must manage time to the best of our abilities. This is not done only for school, but for our families for those of us that have children and spouses. A lot of the time, we manage to get everything done and leave ourselves out in the cold when it comes to making time for ourselves. If it is not our job or school we are trying to meet someone else's needs. Being prepared is a key step in being able to manage time. There are a lot of things that go with being prepared. First, you have to have an idea of what you want to do. Knowing what you are getting into helps a lot because you will be able to focus on specific points that will ensure that you are headed in the right direction of achieving your goal. This sounds pretty easy, but it is a task that a lot of people overlook. You may need material to ensure that you can do your task at hand, so knowing exactly what is going on will definitely help. Getting yourself in a proper place to be able to concentrate and execute what you have in mind is also a very important step. Not having a million and one distraction will allow you to focus and get everything done in a time... ...nd friends. Make sure that during your strategy you set a time out for relaxation, eating and sleeping properly. Another part of strategy is to multi-task, use "the Twofer" concept, for example if you are going to the Laundromat take your homework with you. There are many different parts to time management, such as procrastination, strategy, organization, expectations and being prepared. All of them contribute equally in many ways. All of the things that we have spoken about in this paper are highly recommended. The best thing to do when it comes to time management is to set a strategy, become organized and do your best to avoid procrastination. When you manage your time make sure you include the following; studying, sleeping, eating, relaxing and other necessary things. No matter what our circumstances are, we can all use some time management skills in our lives.

Wilderness Sport and Adventure Education Essay -- Teaching, Physical Ed

Physical Education teachers today use all types of teaching models in order to provide the best service to their students. One specific example of a teaching model is Wilderness Sport/Adventure Education. The purpose of this essay will be to describe the development of Adventure Education and Wilderness Sport in today’s Physical Education classrooms, and to fully explain the teaching model to those who are unfamiliar with it. Public interest in outdoor recreation has increased significantly in the past several decades. The importance of healthy activity in the natural environment has also seen a positive increase. While adults may see the importance of healthy outdoors activities, kids need to be more active and get outside to play. Today’s generation of children are so â€Å"plugged in† to video games, IPod’s, cellphones, and computers that almost all â€Å"play† is done electronically. Kids no longer come home from school and play tag, kickball, or even hopscotch with their friends. Nowadays kids go straight towards their technology in order to play and communicate with friends. One of the primary results of this is the significant increase in overweight children and childhood obesity. Childhood obesity and early onset diabetes is at an all-time high in this country. This is directly resulting in the fact that kids spend significantly less time active and outside when compa red to time spent sedentary inside. Through these trends, it has been made possible for P.E. educators to cultivate and implement a Wilderness Sport/ Adventure Education curriculum in physical education. So what is Wilderness Sport/Adventure Education? They are two separate units, similar, but different. Adventure Education is more than likely the fi... ...ysical examination and wilderness athletes" (January 1, 2007). Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest). Paper AAI1445481. "Health and Human Performance." What Is Adventure Education? Department of Health and Human Performance. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. . Kelly, Luke E., and Vincent J. Melograno. Developing the Physical Education Curriculum: An Achievement-based Approach. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2004. Print. Lund, Jacalyn Lea, and Deborah Tannehill. Standards-based Physical Education Curriculum Development. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2005. Print. "Welcome to Project Adventure, Leaders InAdventure and Experience-based Learning." Project Adventure. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. .

Environmental issues in Asia

Developing countries face severe environmental issues as the rapid economic and population growth had created serious social and environmental problems which if left unattended can bring about very serious consequences. Some of these burning environmental issues faced by these Asian regions are the deforestation, global warming, air and water pollution, limited safe drinking water etc. apart from this manipulation of the natural resources and using unhealthy ways and means for developmental purposes is slowly destroying the resources of these nations which are of serious concern and needs immediate steps by the government and non governmental organizations to protect and rescue them from extinction. Two main problems that I wish to discuss in this research paper is air pollution and the increasing deficit in drinking water supply which is a great threat to the nations overall economic development. India is a fast developing country and its growth in the IT and industrial sector over the years is abundant. With the per capita income increasing with the sudden boom in industrial and technological sectors purchasing power has increased. Easy EMI and retail option enable almost anyone to get a vehicle and as the result traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution etc have increased thereby endangering the whole atmosphere and paving way to global warming. Water is the elixir of life we all know but although the world is third filled with water drinking water is available in limited quantity. India largely depends on monsoon rains for it agriculture and underground drinking water resources. Due to environmental issues like global warming, air pollution, industrial wastes, use of fertilizers etc result in less rainfall. Moreover the little rainfall received is wasted as it reaches the ocean without any proper preservation methods. The existing dams and water reservoirs are maintained poorly and hence little water collected due to seasonal rains are wasted. Hence an emergency plan to preserve this resource is necessary and steps to minimize air pollution should also be undertaken. Land usage in India: Area of the country: 3287260sq.kms Cultivable area: 1839560sq.kms Cultivated land area: 1697000sq.kms Population: Total population 1038056000 Rural: 71%  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban – 29% (www.indiastat.com) Water resources: Internal renewable water: 1260540 million cubic meters Total renewable water 1907760 million cubic meters Water use: Total withdrawal: 500000 million cubic meters Agriculture: 92% Domestic: 5% Industrial: 3% Irrigation: Irrigation potential: 1135120 sq. kms Land under irrigation: 501010 sq. kms Surface irrigation: 493300 sq. kms Area irrigated with surface water 40.5% Area irrigated with ground water 53% ( research paper on survey of Indian resources – 2005) The above facts clearly state the environmental condition of this great nation. The need for ground water for irrigation alone is almost 53% and this ground water level is diminishing today due to lack of rains and improper irrigation methods. The surface water again is becoming polluted because of unhygienic and improper maintenance and preservation methods. Further use of chemicals and pesticides for industry and agriculture has highly polluted both surface and ground water. When agriculture uses highly toxic pesticides it destroys not only the soil but also the water underneath. Some of the reasons for water scarcity in India are rising demand for water as population increases over extraction of surface and ground level water delay in completion of developmental projects due to lack of funds and political pressure or instable governments contamination of water resources due to the increased human impact globalization and industrial development polluting air ad water thereby altering urban climate Etc. There is a huge demand for water in the years to come especially keeping in mind the population the demand seems to be a nightmare. In almost all parts of India water deficiencies show an increasing trend and the surplus show a decreasing trend Four states and one union territory   have no surplus water The availability of water will reduce one fifth in three decades Government role to curb further water shortage: From time to time government plays a major part in implementing measures to check this water scarcity. Development projects like building dams, reservoirs, cleaning tanks and increasing awareness to store and use drinking water sensibly is being undertaken. State and central governments join together and use the allotted funds to implement such projects. But political pressure, unstable government and lack of funds create a void in these projects which is either dropped or not put into practice wholly. Moreover bribery in all fields curbs the growth and development of these projects. Although many NGO’S and non governmental organizations and business establishments try to fund these projects the funds are highly misused or mishandled by faulty politicians. Balanced growth in both agriculture and industry is needed for a countries overall performance and development. But industry is developing in India in a faster pace and it looks like agriculture is neglected. Plans to curb air pollution are needed desperately as it affects the rain and overall climatic condition of the nation. More plants should be planted and forests should be conserved and all measures to save rain water undertaken. Rain water harvesting was seriously implemented in some states and the result is yet to be seen. The roads and the infrastructure is very poor and even the slightest rain causes flash floods. Proper drainage and town planning is missing in cities like Mumbai and Chennai. Great awareness of the results of such negligence should be spread around and people should be educated as to the affects of global warming and air pollution. Individuals should take this mission in their hands to ensure safety for future generation. Every successful business concern should adopt one area or town to implement development projects like planting trees, cleaning drinking water reservoirs and dam’s etc. individuals for their part should maintain hygiene and prevent wastage of water. Governments should curb the vehicles promotion by making strict laws against easy availability of driving license and fine or punishment if driving unchecked vehicles against air and noise pollution. Industries should be made to dispose their chemicals and smoke safely so as not to pollute the air and water. Strict laws and cancellation of their industrial license should be enacted. If everyone could use water sensibly and avoid polluting substances India would become a super power rich in natural resources and hygiene. Short term practical solutions: Keeping the surroundings clean and maintaining a social responsibility to preserve and conserve our natural resources is every individual’s imminent responsibility Creating social awareness of this burning issue among the general public by conducting seminars, student programs and through entertainment to educate even the uneducated and down trodden To keep water bodies clean and check for pollution from nearby factories and industries Proper recycle of industrial wastes Undeterred implementation of government development schemes Strict implementation of anti pollution laws Increasing facilities in public transport and curtailing the use of private transport facilities Planting more trees Long term practical solutions: general infrastructure of the cities and towns should be properly planned and implemented keeping the long term benefit in mind strict adherence to herbal petrol and enabling gas or pollution free fuel regular pollution control checks in vehicles and factories strict laws against faulty companies which release industrial waste into water bodies building tanks, dams and reservoirs to save the excess rain water from reaching the sea soil promotion and banning chemical pesticides in agriculture organic farming should be encouraged and promoted funds must be set aside for developmental projects awareness for the need for funds should be created among NRI and all steps to utilize these funds properly should be undertaken social organizations, business establishments and individuals should be encouraged to undertake or adopt certain social duties to minimize government pressure Singapore is the world’s second free economy and second most competitive Asian economy. It is the best con nected countries with a robust infrastructure to suit another century or so. Globally connected, top ranking business environment, with stable infrastructure and diverse world class business solutions has made Singapore the top ranked and most preferred business ground. Free trade will definitely enable people from all over the world to throng Singapore but how does it maintain its resources against the growing demand, how is it possible for this small nation to keep its streets and water bodies clean and vehicles free from polluting the atmosphere. With a total land area of only 699.0 sq. km together with the mainland and other small islands surrounding it has a annual rainfall of about 2,136 mm. the resident population is 4,483,900 and mainly consist of immigrants from neighboring Asian countries like china and India. The literacy rate above 15 years is 95% and the per capita GDP is S$ 44,666. Labor force in this country is 2,367,300 and the unemployment rate is just 3.4%. ( http://www.sedb.com/edb/sg/en_uk/index/why_singapore/singapore_rankings.html ) The country synthesis report on urban air quality management conducted in 2006 clearly states the measures taken by Singapore to prevent or restrict air pollution. The ambient AQ is regularly monitored with the help of 14 air monitoring machines placed across the island of Singapore. This monitoring has aided in the review of pollution control measures and this has given a positive result in controlling air pollution in the country. AQ monitoring methods used are based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The offenders were prosecuted and were required to take remedial action. Since 1971 many laws are set up to maintain clean air focusing much on vehicular pollution and industrialization. The EPCA combines laws for air, water and noise pollution and gives a legislative framework to control pollution of the environment. Lead petrol was stopped and slowly the level of sulfur from diesel was also reduced considerably to control and reduce emission from vehicles. Ultra low sulfur diesel was introduced to implement euro 4 emission standard and it took effect from October 2006. Air quality in Singapore is the best in the world and it was possible only through strict measures taken by the government to control emission and resolve different forms of pollution. Green plan 2012 is another great step undertaken to further improve the quality of the environment for the years to come. (http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=29 ) Highly compatible and well maintained reservoirs catch every drop of rain water and this is utilized by almost half of Singapore uses this water. New projects to build new dams and reservoirs desalination plants, etc are also are being developed. To aid in this mission MEWater is set up which is high quality water received from water reclamation from 2003. Sustainability and cleanliness of water supply and environment is maintained well as Singapore stands tall as a very good example of how we should conserve and preserve our natural resources for a better tomorrow. It is clearly evident that Singapore has successfully implemented anti pollutant measures and even though its economy is growing fast the infrastructure and the low pollution levels are unchanged. There is enough water to meet all the growing needs and the greenery and the cleanliness stands proof of the people commitment to make their country a higher power standing out and setting an example to all other nations. Asian countries like India and china can take this as an example and with proper coordination with this country try to implement such strict rules in their country too. Finally it is a joint responsibility of both the government and the individuals and they should both commit themselves to make a better, cleaner and pollution free nation not only for us but also to our future generations. Reference: Survey of Indian resources – research paper submitted to the Annamalai Open University. India   www.indiastat.com http://www.sedb.com/edb/sg/en_uk/index/why_singapore/singapore_rankings.html http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/category_sub.asp?cid=29